Marketing topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Promoting theme - Essay Example The discoveries propose that Qatar Airways payload administrations are managing sure issues, which are generally attributable to its absence of brand value in the freight part. As suggested, the organization wants to plan it marking strategies, particularly in the space of freight business with the liberation of appropriate and imaginative administrations to the clients, so it can push forward in rivalry with the adversaries. Henceforth, it very well may be expressed that marking in reality is very fundamental for the development and manageability of the business in the current day setting. Systems regularly allude to the activities that the associations of this current day setting embrace with the point of improving their particular serious situating and continuing in this serious scene for longer time. The methodologies of directing business by current associations inside the worldwide business field have changed quickly in the contemporary situation, which might be attributable to the expanding intensity of the market. Besides, because of the nonstop fluctuating interest of the market, organizations are managing serious difficulties over the span of leading their individual business activities (Smith and Round, 1998). Subsequently, in such manner, organizations need to outline compelling choices in the area of tasks, advertising, human asset and account among others to guarantee a maintainable future for their organizations. In any case, legitimate promoting systems are considered to be a crucial segment for improving the seriousness of the organizations in the world wide business area (Pearson, n.d.). In the contemporary business situation, business tasks need to experience monstrous change so as to fulfill the ever-changing needs of the partners (Fernando, 2010). The significance of assorted showcasing jobs in business for the most part shows up in this situation. It will be critical to express that advertising is one of the important capacities, which legitimately moves in the direction of upgrading the brand picture and

Evolution of Globalization Essay

The term globalization signifies â€Å"globe† as a solitary market. Item nearness in various Markets of the world. Creation base over the globe. HR from everywhere throughout the world. Universal speculation Exchange including IPRs. The coming in ICI(information, correspondence and innovation) Rapid monetary progression of exchange and speculation The portability of individuals and value-based moves The scope of satellite stations, web and so forth. Idea OF GLOBALIZATION IMF characterizes globalization as â€Å" The developing efficient reliance of nations worldwide through increment in volume and assortment of cross fringe exchanges in merchandise and ventures and of universal capital streams and furthermore through the more quick and wide spread dispersion of technology† Charles Hill characterizes globalization â€Å"it is a move towards increasingly coordinated and related world economy† It has two segments 1. Globalization of business sectors 2. Globalization of creation Globalization alludes to the free cross fringe developments of products and ventures, capital, data and individuals. It is the way toward making system associations among the on-screen characters of global separations interceded through an assortment of defects. Westernatization, wallmartization, Americanization, Mcdonalization, disnaffication, coco-colonization Components AFFECTING GLOBALIZATION/DRIVERS OF GLOBALIZATION foundation of GATT(General Agreement of exchange and tax) and WTO provincial reconciliation NAFTA, ASZN, European association, SAARC, OPEZ, European incorporation declining exchange hindrances tarrifs and quantities development in remote direct venture headway in innovation development of global fiscal reserve. Parts OF GLOBALIZATION 1. Globalization of business sectors 2. Globalization of creation 3. Globalization of venture 4. Globalization of innovation Globalization of business sectors: incorporating and converging as the world market a s single market. Highlights: Size of the organization Market for non-shopper products, modern merchandise and budgetary merchandise. Various procedures required for various markets Purposes behind globalization of business sectors Enormous scope industrialization and large scale manufacturing To decrease the hazard and to differentiate the portfolio. To expand the benefit The disappointment of household organizations Antagonistic business condition Globalization of creation: Reasons Modest crude materials, modest work and high caliber Inconvenience of limitation on imports Decrease the expense of transportation Globalization of innovation: Transformation in media transmission, data innovation and transportation innovation Points of interest/DISADVANTAGES OF GLOBALIZATION Points of interest Free progression of capital, tecnology and so forth Increment in industrialization Spread of creation offices Equalization improvement of world financial matters Increment underway and utilization Wares with lower cost and high caliber Social trade Interest for assortment of items Increment in employment and salary High expectations for everyday comforts Equalization human turn of events Monetary advancement Hindrances It murders household business Adventure HR Prompts joblessness and under work Decrease in salary Move of common assets National sway at nation stake. Leads business and political colonization The separation between the rich and poor people The creating and under-creating nations Joblessness and mass cutback Antagonistic equalization of installment Unpredictable of business sectors Loss of social personality Move of capacity to multinationals Impacts of globalization The globalization might be characterized as the procedure of combination and assembly of monetary, budgetary, social and political framework over the world Financial GLOBALIZATION worldwide exchange, speculations and capital defects combination of financial aspects cross outskirt developments of merchandise and enterprises, innovation and capital. Money related GLOBALIZATION advancement of capital development deregulation of money related frameworks cross outskirt capital streams posting in worldwide changes. Social GLOBALIZATION It is the assembly ofculure POLITICAL GLOBALIZATION After the world war 2, the union of the political framework The reaction methodologies to globalization powers for developing organizations Protector The strain to globalization is low Comprehends the home market or the quality lies in profound comprehension of the market or their opposition resources are altered to neighborhood advertise. The organization should receive guarded technique that centers around utilizing the nearby resources in the market section where internationals are frail eg: Videocon clothes washer presented self-loader machine EXTENDER where the modern strain to globalization is low. They have serious abilities and resources that can be moved abroad Companies can concentrate on growing to business sectors like home essential utilizing skills created at home. Ex: haldiram DODGER where the business strain to globalization is high. To contend in enterprises with globalization pressure is profoundly troublesome circumstance for neighborhood organizations. CONTENDER High strain to globalize and transferrable abroad and upper hand that can be utilized abroad by overhauling the capacities and assets.

Motivation and Employee Involvement

Paper Outline Motivation among the workforce may go far in helping an association accomplish its targets. Human capital is a fundamental factor of creation, and it must be all around figured out how to accomplish a practical serious advantage.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Motivation and Employee Involvement explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Motivation alludes to the employees’ ability to deal with the errands alloted to them with vitality and energy (Robbins Judge, 2015). Numerous methodologies might be utilized to elevate the workers confidence to increase upper hand. A portion of the techniques utilized by the contemporary firms to help confidence inside the workforce incorporate Employee preparing and strengthening Communication and Employee contribution Competitive installment Organization culture Top administration bolster Promotion from inside Employee preparing and advancement alludes to the projects intended to confer extr a abilities to the workforce. Correspondence, then again, alludes to the frameworks set up that empower the entry of data from the supervisors to representatives and input from the lesser staff. Serious pay signifies the installment of employment coordinated pay rates to the workforce. Next, the association culture and bolster the executives includes the reception of basic standards inside the association while the executives bolster involves the arrangement of the vital assistance to the lesser staff by the directors. Ultimately, advancement from inside alludes to an administration approach whereby chiefs and directors are enlisted from inside the workforce. With the end goal of this paper, three parts of inspiration to be specific, worker preparing and strengthening, correspondence and representatives contribution, and serious remuneration will be examined be talked about in subtleties. The conceivable execution course will likewise be talked about to give the peruser an itemized diagram of the significance of inspiration in the workforce. Representative preparing and improvement One of the administration objectives is to create future pioneers from among the workers of the firm. In the execution of this order, supervisors configuration preparing programs planned for giving the correct aptitudes to the workers. Preparing of representatives builds productivity as well as ingrains a feeling of professional stability in the workforce. Professional stability in this setting emerges because of the securing of extra abilities that may at present be significant much after their exit from the organization. Preparing ought to be planned so that it gives work explicit aptitudes to turn away employment portability (Moynihan Pandey, 2007).Advertising Looking for exposition on business financial aspects? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Training and improvement increment the employees’ feeling of occupation f ulfillment. Fulfilled laborers are more beneficial than workers who have a sentiment of disappointment with their occupations. Research shows that workers are generally worried about their employer stability, and if such security isn't ensured, they may wind up looking for circumstances in the opponent organizations. Their retention by the adversaries would be a major hit to the firm since it would just harden the opposition. Correspondence and worker association Communication is a basic component of the executives and targets guaranteeing that everybody in the firm knows about the company’s objectives and the methodologies set up to accomplish them. Correspondence permits workers to air their complaints to the administration combined with encouraging brief issue goals. The presence of a sound correspondence framework in an association guarantees that issues that may manifest due to negative bits of gossip are moderated before they antagonistically influence the firm’s activities. Correspondence ought in addition to the fact that top be down ought to be vertical whereby various offices in the firm offer data with one another. The employees’ inclusion indicates a circumstance whereby the workforce is permitted to take part in the dynamic procedure of the firm (Robbins Judge, 2015). Permitting employees’ inputs when settling on significant choices, helps increment their confidence since it ingrains a feeling of responsibility for firm. Also, it permits representatives to set their objectives dependent on their aptitudes and abilities. Earthy colored and Cregan (2008) contend that permitting representatives to set their objectives helps support their spirit since they will in general feel great chipping away at objectives they have set for themselves. Furthermore, it turns away opposition that may come due to non-contribution in dynamic. Changes function admirably when each partner in the association is permitted to take an interest in planning the change approaches rather than a circumstance whereby the supervisors are the sole chiefs. Serious remuneration Zhang and Bartol (2010) characterize serious compensation as that which isn't not as much as that paid by the opponents to workers of a similar limit in a firm of comparative size. Firms should pay their workers serious compensations to forestall their ingestion by the opponent firms in the business. In the contemporary business condition, rivalry is solid and firms are misusing each open door present to build their upper hand. Most firms have understood the significance of the workforce in building a supportable upper hand over the rivals.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Motivation and Employee Involvement explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Paying pay rates is a certain method for guaranteeing that the representatives are roused to accomplish the targets of the firm. Remunerating workers seriously additionally deflec ts staff turnover. Research demonstrates that better compensations rouse a larger part of workers to leave their flow occupations (Griffin Moorhead, 2011). In such manner, firms must fit the pay rates of their staff to line up with that paid by the opponents. Conceivable execution courses The firm ought to set out on research to discover the measure of compensations paid to representatives of various levels in the adversary organizations. In light of the discoveries from the exploration, the firm ought to alter the pay rates of the whole workforce so they are marginally higher than that paid by the contenders (Hallberg Schaufeli, 2006). Moreover, different execution based remuneration projects ought to be built up that target people as well as groups. Under such projects, workers ought to be paid additional sums for fantastic execution. A reward plan could likewise go far in improving the presentation of the firm. To accomplish the instructive needs of the workforce, the administrat ors ought to build up a non-biased preparing program that will assist representatives with obtaining extra aptitudes and information. Workers who notice to the call to facilitate their insight should profit by the motivating forces gave by the firm (Griffin Moorhead, 2011). Such motivators incorporate advancements and expanded compensations and wages. The motivations ought to be lined up with the company’s objective so they accomplish the ideal objective. The arrangement of motivating forces will urge representatives to grasp the preparation program to get the collecting benefits. Also, workers who experience the preparation ought to be permitted to execute the new thoughts from the program. The seal the holes in correspondence, the administrators should hold standard roundtable gatherings with utilitarian directors. The considerations should fixate on approaches to improve the organization’s execution. The gatherings ought to permit the directors to introduce the empl oyees’ concerns. The practical supervisors are in direct contact with the representatives in this manner it is basic to counsel them about as the agents of the workforce (Moynihan Pandey, 2007). On the other hand, the top supervisors could hold gatherings with representatives at each degree of the association. The gatherings should be possible through meetings uniting the administrators, the line directors, and the employees.Advertising Searching for article on business financial aspects? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Direct gatherings with representatives are just conceivable in little associations with few specialists. In enormous associations, gatherings with the departmental chiefs would be increasingly successful that immediate gatherings with representatives. All the worries and proposition made by the gathering orderlies ought to be thought of and pondered with the fundamental revisions being made to such recommendations. References Brown, M., Cregan, C. (2008). Authoritative change pessimism: The job of representative association. Human Resource Management, 47(4), 667-71. Griffin, R., Moorhead, G. (2011). Hierarchical conduct. Boston, MA: Cengage. Hallberg, E., Schaufeli, W. (2006). â€Å"Same same† however extraordinary? Can work commitment be segregated from work inclusion and authoritative duty. European Psychologist, 11(2), 119-127. Moynihan, P., Pandey, S. (2007). Finding functional switches over work inspiration looking at work fulfillment, work inclusion, and hierarchical dut y. Organization Society, 39(7), 803-832. Robbins, P., Judge, T. (2015). Hierarchical conduct. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Zhang, X., Bartol, K. (2010). Connecting enabling authority and worker imagination: The impact of mental strengthening, natural inspiration, and inventive procedure commitment. Institute of Management Journal, 53(1), 107-128. This exposition on Motivation and Employee Involvement was composed and presented by client Casey Carter to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it likewise. You can give your paper here.

Purchase of ZARA Products Essay - 2750 Words

Purchase of ZARA Products Essay (Essay Sample) Content: How consumer motivation, perceptions, learning and attitude formation could influence the purchase of ZARA fashion productsTable of contents TOC \o "1-3" \h \z \u  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc389296735"
1. Executive summary  PAGEREF _Toc389296735 \h
3 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc389296736"
2. Introduction  PAGEREF _Toc389296736 \h
3 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc389296737"
3. Segmentation/ Targeting/ Positioning  PAGEREF _Toc389296737 \h
3 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc389296738"
4. Consumer behavior and decision making  PAGEREF _Toc389296738 \h
4 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc389296739"
5. Consumer motivation  PAGEREF _Toc389296739 \h
7 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc389296740"
6. Consumer perception  PAGEREF _Toc389296740 \h
10 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc389296741"
7. Consumer attitude and learning  PAGEREF _Toc389296741 \h
11 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc389296742"
8. Conclusion and Recommendation  PAGEREF _Toc389296742 \h
13 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc389296743"
9. Reference list  PAGEREF _T oc389296743 \h
15Executive summaryZara is Spains best known fashion brand. Zara products are used in many parts of the world and have a global recognition. Zara has achieved unique levels of marketing; cloth designing, quick and efficient delivery of finished products in various parts of the world and proper communication among its workers which are core to the success of Zara fashion brand. This report will focus on how consumer motivation, perceptions, learning and attitude formation could influence purchasing of Zara fashion products.IntroductionZaras achievement gives some informative lessons on how to produce and maintain a successful strategy. ZARAs most remarkable thing is that it has managed to identify differences that have impact on consumers and differentiated itself from other competitors in the fast fashion industry by carrying out key activities in different ways. This differentiation has created challenges for competitor companies who find it hard to meet Zaras p osition. Such an accomplishment has offered Zara a continuous competitive advantage over its competitors. Segmentation/ Targeting/ PositioningZARA is a fashion brand and its fashion stores were set up in 1975 in Spain by Amancio Ortega. ZARA competitors include Bershka, Oysho, Pull and Bear and Massimo Dutti, Stradivarius besides other brands. In the past two decades, ZARA has increased its profits and stores and currently is ranked as the third major retailer globally (Zhang, 2008). ZARA has over three thousand designers situated in its main production site in Spain who design over forty thousand fashion products yearly from which only a few of the designed products are chosen for production (Li, 2009). In addition to that, ZARA has several production sites in the United Kingdom. Unlike its competitors, ZARA has more than fifty percent of its fashion products being produced in Europe and not in South America or Asia (Bruce and Daly, 2006). ZARA has high quality products with relati vely low price and figure below on ZARAs positioning among its competitors proves that.
Figure 1. Zara positioning among its competitorsConsumer behavior and decision makingFor companies to market their products or services successfully, an understanding of how consumers behave and make decisions is necessary (Poon and Joseph, 2001). There are several theories that relate to this area, including economic theories as well as psychological theories. Earlier studies in theories concerning consumer behavior were developed through economic theory, for instance the conception where consumers advance rationally to make best use of their satisfaction in the process of buying. More recent research shows that consumers are influenced by different types of reference groups, such as family, friends, advertisers and role models. Terms like impetuous purchase, mood, situation and emotion are applied more commonly in concerns concerning the behavior of consumers. A combination of these factors for ms a complete model of consumer behavior which portrays emotional characteristics of consumer decision-making (Solomon et al., 2009). Consumer behavior has been described by Assael (1994) as the practice of recognizing and evaluating various constituents of a purchase and further explains that there are two wide influences that decide consumers preferred choice. Firstly, the individual consumers wants, awareness of brand distinctiveness and consciousness to alternatives choices are of significance in consumer decision-making. Other factors which affect the brand choice are peer influence, lifestyle and individual qualities. Secondly, the surrounding has a vital role in consumer behavior. Environment is composed of culture, membership groups and the social class; all these strongly affect consumers buying intentions. Assael (1994) also describes the reason why information about consumer behavior is imperative for a company like ZARA to be aware of, which can thereby improve its marke ting tactics and increase the chances of consumers purchasing their products. Consumer behavior is explained by Krugman (1965) as the actions, thought process and perceived result, in collaboration with environmental factors, during the course of making a decision, which leads to a purchase. Some of the factors that are striking in consumer behavior are the environment, age and likes and dislikes, which are subjective to the consumers motives and beliefs (Li and Zhang, 2002). Consumers base and make their decisions on expected results. One theory states that consumers are seen as rational individuals who have the ability to estimate the results of different decisions made and thereby selecting the most lucrative one. This theory is known as utility theory. Though consumers are comparatively good at approximating the results of an occurrence, not all consumers are completely coherent, dependable or aware of all aspects in the decision-making process. For this reason, the utility theo ry has been criticized, but despite its insufficiency, the theory is still well thought-out as a main case in the concerns of decision-making. A new and simpler theory called satisficing had a different approach, instead of, as the utility theory, finding the best result, this theory allows the consumer choose what satisfies his/her needs and then stops the decision making process. An example of this could be the process of finding a house. A more psychological approach has been used in the research of consumer decision-making. This involves the development of prospect theory which has extended the two existing theories and has incorporated psychological factors by adding worth and endowment (Richarme, 2001).The probability with which a consumer buys a given product is depended on perceived product value and also on the product cost. The importance of price and quality to the consumer, aspects of brand loyalty and influence from reference groups are important to the consumer who de cides to purchase or not to purchase. For example, if there has been any previous purchases of the ZARA products by the consumer, or if other persons have influence on the consumer, he or she is likely to purchase the products (Bettman et al., 1991). Gordon Foxall (1999), who has performed a considerable amount of research in the field of consumer behavior and decision making, has created a model of purchase and consumption, more known as the Behavioral Perspective Model (BPM). It relates an outline of consumer decision-making to various kinds of backgrounds. To begin with, initial consumer behavior happenings take place, which form the behavioral setting which incorporate physical and social elements leading to generation of a specific behavior. Furthermore, earlier behavior of the consumer is put into consideration and this may result to negative or positive approaches to the purchase of the given commodity. Foxall (1999) explains when describing the model, is the consumers state variables. These variables portray the consumers state, such as mood, monetary ability and health. Consumer motivationCustomers are the main stakeholders of any organizations and any company will endeavour to attract consumers. A variety of methods can be used by ZARA to attract consumers. One way of motivating customers is by offering benefits to the customers (Goodwin et al., 1990). Customers can also be attracted to ZARA fashion products if the company offers executive compensations to its customers. Executive compensation refers to provision of bonuses, customers service benefits, discounts, stock rewards, stock grants, stock options or establishment of other long-term incentives by ZARA to match firm`s interests with the interests of its consumers, managers and directors. Customers are important to any organization aimed at profit making and their interests should be taken in account first. Putting their interests into consideration motivates them and this can increase their l evel of purchase. Executive compensation as a mechanism of internal corporate governance increases the likelihood of companies like ZARA getting various anticipated outcomes and increasing their customer base (Fiore et al., 2004Companies like ZARA looking forward to expand their profits and sales spend considerable amount of time searching for new consumers locally and globally. To attract more customers, they advertise their fashion products through the media organize trade fairs and also use any other applicable means to ensure that information is communicated to their potentials consumers. Getting consumers for the first time is always very hard because the company is being introduced to the market for the first time and majority of people are reluctant to be first time consumers. This makes processes such as advertizing to go on a... Purchase of ZARA Products Essay - 2750 Words Purchase of ZARA Products Essay (Essay Sample) Content: How consumer motivation, perceptions, learning and attitude formation could influence the purchase of ZARA fashion productsTable of contents TOC \o "1-3" \h \z \u  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc389296735"
1. Executive summary  PAGEREF _Toc389296735 \h
3 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc389296736"
2. Introduction  PAGEREF _Toc389296736 \h
3 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc389296737"
3. Segmentation/ Targeting/ Positioning  PAGEREF _Toc389296737 \h
3 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc389296738"
4. Consumer behavior and decision making  PAGEREF _Toc389296738 \h
4 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc389296739"
5. Consumer motivation  PAGEREF _Toc389296739 \h
7 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc389296740"
6. Consumer perception  PAGEREF _Toc389296740 \h
10 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc389296741"
7. Consumer attitude and learning  PAGEREF _Toc389296741 \h
11 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc389296742"
8. Conclusion and Recommendation  PAGEREF _Toc389296742 \h
13 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc389296743"
9. Reference list  PAGEREF _T oc389296743 \h
15Executive summaryZara is Spains best known fashion brand. Zara products are used in many parts of the world and have a global recognition. Zara has achieved unique levels of marketing; cloth designing, quick and efficient delivery of finished products in various parts of the world and proper communication among its workers which are core to the success of Zara fashion brand. This report will focus on how consumer motivation, perceptions, learning and attitude formation could influence purchasing of Zara fashion products.IntroductionZaras achievement gives some informative lessons on how to produce and maintain a successful strategy. ZARAs most remarkable thing is that it has managed to identify differences that have impact on consumers and differentiated itself from other competitors in the fast fashion industry by carrying out key activities in different ways. This differentiation has created challenges for competitor companies who find it hard to meet Zaras p osition. Such an accomplishment has offered Zara a continuous competitive advantage over its competitors. Segmentation/ Targeting/ PositioningZARA is a fashion brand and its fashion stores were set up in 1975 in Spain by Amancio Ortega. ZARA competitors include Bershka, Oysho, Pull and Bear and Massimo Dutti, Stradivarius besides other brands. In the past two decades, ZARA has increased its profits and stores and currently is ranked as the third major retailer globally (Zhang, 2008). ZARA has over three thousand designers situated in its main production site in Spain who design over forty thousand fashion products yearly from which only a few of the designed products are chosen for production (Li, 2009). In addition to that, ZARA has several production sites in the United Kingdom. Unlike its competitors, ZARA has more than fifty percent of its fashion products being produced in Europe and not in South America or Asia (Bruce and Daly, 2006). ZARA has high quality products with relati vely low price and figure below on ZARAs positioning among its competitors proves that.
Figure 1. Zara positioning among its competitorsConsumer behavior and decision makingFor companies to market their products or services successfully, an understanding of how consumers behave and make decisions is necessary (Poon and Joseph, 2001). There are several theories that relate to this area, including economic theories as well as psychological theories. Earlier studies in theories concerning consumer behavior were developed through economic theory, for instance the conception where consumers advance rationally to make best use of their satisfaction in the process of buying. More recent research shows that consumers are influenced by different types of reference groups, such as family, friends, advertisers and role models. Terms like impetuous purchase, mood, situation and emotion are applied more commonly in concerns concerning the behavior of consumers. A combination of these factors for ms a complete model of consumer behavior which portrays emotional characteristics of consumer decision-making (Solomon et al., 2009). Consumer behavior has been described by Assael (1994) as the practice of recognizing and evaluating various constituents of a purchase and further explains that there are two wide influences that decide consumers preferred choice. Firstly, the individual consumers wants, awareness of brand distinctiveness and consciousness to alternatives choices are of significance in consumer decision-making. Other factors which affect the brand choice are peer influence, lifestyle and individual qualities. Secondly, the surrounding has a vital role in consumer behavior. Environment is composed of culture, membership groups and the social class; all these strongly affect consumers buying intentions. Assael (1994) also describes the reason why information about consumer behavior is imperative for a company like ZARA to be aware of, which can thereby improve its marke ting tactics and increase the chances of consumers purchasing their products. Consumer behavior is explained by Krugman (1965) as the actions, thought process and perceived result, in collaboration with environmental factors, during the course of making a decision, which leads to a purchase. Some of the factors that are striking in consumer behavior are the environment, age and likes and dislikes, which are subjective to the consumers motives and beliefs (Li and Zhang, 2002). Consumers base and make their decisions on expected results. One theory states that consumers are seen as rational individuals who have the ability to estimate the results of different decisions made and thereby selecting the most lucrative one. This theory is known as utility theory. Though consumers are comparatively good at approximating the results of an occurrence, not all consumers are completely coherent, dependable or aware of all aspects in the decision-making process. For this reason, the utility theo ry has been criticized, but despite its insufficiency, the theory is still well thought-out as a main case in the concerns of decision-making. A new and simpler theory called satisficing had a different approach, instead of, as the utility theory, finding the best result, this theory allows the consumer choose what satisfies his/her needs and then stops the decision making process. An example of this could be the process of finding a house. A more psychological approach has been used in the research of consumer decision-making. This involves the development of prospect theory which has extended the two existing theories and has incorporated psychological factors by adding worth and endowment (Richarme, 2001).The probability with which a consumer buys a given product is depended on perceived product value and also on the product cost. The importance of price and quality to the consumer, aspects of brand loyalty and influence from reference groups are important to the consumer who de cides to purchase or not to purchase. For example, if there has been any previous purchases of the ZARA products by the consumer, or if other persons have influence on the consumer, he or she is likely to purchase the products (Bettman et al., 1991). Gordon Foxall (1999), who has performed a considerable amount of research in the field of consumer behavior and decision making, has created a model of purchase and consumption, more known as the Behavioral Perspective Model (BPM). It relates an outline of consumer decision-making to various kinds of backgrounds. To begin with, initial consumer behavior happenings take place, which form the behavioral setting which incorporate physical and social elements leading to generation of a specific behavior. Furthermore, earlier behavior of the consumer is put into consideration and this may result to negative or positive approaches to the purchase of the given commodity. Foxall (1999) explains when describing the model, is the consumers state variables. These variables portray the consumers state, such as mood, monetary ability and health. Consumer motivationCustomers are the main stakeholders of any organizations and any company will endeavour to attract consumers. A variety of methods can be used by ZARA to attract consumers. One way of motivating customers is by offering benefits to the customers (Goodwin et al., 1990). Customers can also be attracted to ZARA fashion products if the company offers executive compensations to its customers. Executive compensation refers to provision of bonuses, customers service benefits, discounts, stock rewards, stock grants, stock options or establishment of other long-term incentives by ZARA to match firm`s interests with the interests of its consumers, managers and directors. Customers are important to any organization aimed at profit making and their interests should be taken in account first. Putting their interests into consideration motivates them and this can increase their l evel of purchase. Executive compensation as a mechanism of internal corporate governance increases the likelihood of companies like ZARA getting various anticipated outcomes and increasing their customer base (Fiore et al., 2004Companies like ZARA looking forward to expand their profits and sales spend considerable amount of time searching for new consumers locally and globally. To attract more customers, they advertise their fashion products through the media organize trade fairs and also use any other applicable means to ensure that information is communicated to their potentials consumers. Getting consumers for the first time is always very hard because the company is being introduced to the market for the first time and majority of people are reluctant to be first time consumers. This makes processes such as advertizing to go on a...

Lord Of The Flies By William Golding - 1364 Words

Red tie or blue? Corn Flakes or pancakes for breakfast? Do homework or save it until tomorrow? People make countless decisions throughout the day. These decisions are based on a combination of the practical, intellectual, emotional, and spiritual qualities of each individual. However, the most important decisions that a person makes are driven by emotions such as fear, joy, jealousy, pride, and anger. These emotions play the biggest role in the critical decisions that define a person, and they best represent human nature. In the book, Lord of the Flies, written by William Golding, there are four main characters: Ralph, Piggy, Jack, and Simon. Each character s decisions and actions are primarily driven by the practical, intellectual,†¦show more content†¦Human nature is most like Jack character. Jack’s decisions are determined by his emotions. People tend to be driven by emotions such as fear, joy, greed, and anger when making important decisions. These decisions ar e ultimately what define an individual and, therefore, best represent human nature. The first reason that human nature is best represented by Jack’s character is because people tend to make decisions based on their emotions when they are anonymous or alone. Jack let his true feelings show when his face was painted and when he was hunting in the forest. Once he was disguised or in the privacy of the forest, he acted like a wild animal. The author describes Jack as being a different person when he paints his face. The narrator says, â€Å"[h]e capered toward Bill, and the mask was a thing on its own, behind which Jack hid, liberated from shame and self-consciousness† (Golding 60). This mask acted as a shield protecting Jack from the judgement of others. It made him feel less responsible for his actions, and he disregarded intellect and practicality while choosing his course of action. Instead, he relied on his emotions to make decisions, no matter how bad they were, because the mask took away his sense of responsibility. Many people are like this today. For example, when people robs a bank, they wear masks to make sure no one recognizes them. In some ways, a

Essay Causes and Effects of the Protestant Reformation

What happens when people start to break away from the entity that bound an entire civilization together for over a thousand years? How does one go from unparalleled devotion to God to the exploration of what man could do? From absolute acceptance to intense scrutiny? Sheeple to independent thinkers? Like all revolutions preceding it, the Protestant Reformation did not happen overnight. Catholics had begun to lose faith in the once infallible Church ever since the Great Schism, when there were two popes, each declaring that the other was the antichrist. Two things in particular can be identified as the final catalyst: a new philosophy and simple disgust. The expanding influence of humanism and the corruption of the Catholic Church†¦show more content†¦A long history of corruption caused people to view the Catholic Church as a for-profit organization rather than God’s voice on Earth. By the Renaissance, the Catholic Church had already lost much of its power over secular rulers but still held leverage over the masses. This authority naturally paved the way for corruption. The most outrageous form of corruption practiced by the Church was the sale of indulgences. An indulgence is the remission of temporal punishment still due for a sin that has been sacramentally absolved. One of the ways the Church would generate income was by selling them. The notion started off innocently enough; it stemmed from the idea that punishment for crimes could be converted to payments of money, in essence, a fine (Simon 35). However, it soon spiraled out of control as the Church used indulgences simply to gain money, as when Pope Leo X needed money for the construction of St. Peter’s basilica (Duiker and Spielvogel 429). People began to view salvation as something that could be bought; they could go out and sin on Saturday night, then simply pay for it monetarily Sunday morning. To encourage people to buy more indulgences, the Church even claimed t hat indulgences could be bought on behalf of those already dead and in purgatory (Sporre 378). This blatant victimization was what spurred Martin Luther to write his Ninety-Five Theses,Show MoreRelatedCause and Effects of Protestant Reformation Essay754 Words   |  4 PagesMajor Causes and Effects of the Protestant Reformation There were several causes of the Protestant Reformation that effected society, politics, and religion in Europe during the 16th century. In my opinion, the immediate cause that started the reformation was Martin Luther’s act of posting the 95 Theses on the door of the Wittenberg Cathedral in the Roman Empire. Luther was unhappy with the Catholic Church, and posted the Theses due to the sale of indulgences that was going on to raise money forRead MoreThe Invention Of The Printing Press932 Words   |  4 Pagestwo major effects of the printing press. These two effects were the exploration of the Americas and the Protestant Reformation. Exploration was Colombus and his explorers â€Å"discovering† America. The printing press had great influence on these events. The Protestant Reformation was also shaped by the printing press, in some cases more than exploration. The Protestant Reformation, or more simply, The Reformation, was a mass conversion of people from the Catholic Church to the Protestant Church. TheRead MoreEssay about The Historical Impacts of the Protestant Reformation946 Words   |  4 PagesT he Protestant Reformation and European expansion have both left political, social and economic impacts throughout history. The Protestant Reformation which was started in the 1500’s, by a Catholic man named Martin Luther caused political instability and fragmented the Holy Roman Empire. It economically caused the church to go bankrupt and socially allowed for the rise of individualism among the people; Luther gave the people of Europe the long needed reason to break free of the church. The ProtestantRead MoreThe Protestant Reformation And The Reformation916 Words   |  4 PagesThe Protestant Reformation took place in the 16th century and was a major European movement whose goal was to reform the beliefs and practices of the Roman Catholic Church. This movement led to people worshipping God as they wanted and no longer relying on the Catholic Church for guidance with religious matters. Even though people were doing what they believed, the Protestant Reformation brought many conflicts. Religious disagreements caused bloody conflicts all over Europe. The principal figureRead MoreThe Protestant Reformation And The Reformation1619 Words   |  7 Pagesany better when multiple wars are started because of a disagreement in how to worship. The Protestant Reformation was a widespread epidemic that started with Martin Luther noticing severe problems in the way the Roman Catholic Church was running, and that there were simple and more holy methods and worshipping God, leading to the creation of Lutheranism. There was an uproar in Germany over this new reformation, and it caught the attention of John Calvin who then strove to create Calvinism with theRead MoreEssay on The Effects of the Reformation on European Life1080 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effects of the Reformation on European Life European society was divided from the word go, people all around Europe were dominantly Catholic before the reformation. This time was bringing change throughout Europe with a heavy influence on art and culture because the Renaissance was occurring; a religious revolution was also beginning, which was known as the Protestant Reformation. The Protestant Reformation was the voicing of disagreements by a German Catholic priestRead More Reformation in continental Europe and England and its consequences1616 Words   |  7 Pages Reformation is the religious revolution that took place in Western Europe in the 16th century. It arose from objections to doctrines and practices in the medieval church, loss of papal authority and credibility as well as other societal, political and economical issues of the time. This revolution had a major impact on Europe and it gave way to short term and long-term consequences, which still can be seen today. There were many causes of Reformation, some go as far back as the fourteenth centuryRead MoreReformation in Continental Europe and England and Its Consequences1611 Words   |  7 PagesReformation is the religious revolution that took place in Western Europe in the 16th century. It arose from objections to doctrines and practices in the medieval church, loss of papal authority and credibility as well as other societal, political and economical issues of the time. This revolution had a major impact on Europe and it gave way to short term and long-term consequences, which still can be seen today. There were many causes of Reformation, some go as far back as the fourteenth centuryRead More Protestant Reformation Essay804 Words   |  4 Pages PROTESTANT REFORMATION: A MENTOR TO CHRISTIAN CIVILIZATION nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;When we talk about Protestant Reformation, what usually comes to our mind is a movement that brought about negative effects not just in Europe but also in the whole Catholic Church, which are still being felt and experienced even today. Although it may be true that the Protestant Reformation had been one of the causes of the gradual decline of the Catholic Church during the 16th century, it also brought aboutRead MoreNotes on Monarchy962 Words   |  4 Pages   | Renaissance | Reformation | Exploration | Absolute Monarchs | Renaissance | - Emphasis, causes, effects, specifics (Art: painting, sculpture, architecture, literature) Patrons | Gutenbergs printing press = Renaissance ideas spread... Religion = Art Pope wanted to make a new dome for sistine chapel. Michelangelo was asked to paint it. the pope needed $ to build so he sold indulgences. Luther was against this... Church art frequently featured holy figures, Protestants (iconoclasts) didnt like

Safe and Inclusive Environment for Agikuyu Culture -myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theSafe and Inclusive Environment for Agikuyu Culture. Answer: Description of the learning environment The learning environment that I work in is a diverse kind of environment that contains many tribes at once. Since my country is made up of 42 tribes, it is important to note that any learning environment here would not lack at least several tribes at any given time. More specifically, this learning environment consists of not less than four tribes. Each of these tribes has their own cultures. All the cultures must be incorporated into the learning environment to ensure that all the learners interests are considered. For instance, my culture, which is a Luo culture, may not correspond to the Agikuyu culture. The luos beliefs are different from other tribes beliefs and all of those beliefs must be considered in this learning environment. To ensure that every participant should feel comfortable with the environment in which he or she does things. It would be important to note that all the tribes represented here. Some of these cultures are only unique to the people practicing them. More specifically, there are different practices by different people according to their cultural behaviors. For instance, culture involving marriage, gender, initiation from childhood to adulthood among many others (Phillips, 2011). Since the learning environment is composed of people from different cultures, it is necessary to give all the available cultures represented by each individual priority so that every person feels part of the learning process. In this learning environment, certain tribes have unique cultures, for example, in this case, the Muslim culture may seem to be outrageous because the way they dress may not relate to the way others do. Identify the diverse cultural need of your learning environment Cultural needs are needs that are associated with a particular culture. For instance, in my learning environment, various cultural needs can be considered. Some of these cultural needs include values, beliefs, language, and cultural practices among others. An indigenous culture in this learning environment is Muslim culture from Somalia. As stated above, the Muslim culture portrays quite different aspects of beliefs, values, language differences, gender, personal learning environment etc. There are different cultural practices associated with every ethnic group in this environment. It is a basic requirement that this learning environment is made conducive enough for every stakeholder so that each individual feels inclusive of the decisions made concerning the learning process. Most of these cultural practices include things to do with marriage, types of food, initiation procedures, birth, and death among many others. In this environment, gender roles are varied because of different ethnic groups that are present. For instance, there are some things that my culture does not allow girls to do e.g. girls or women are not encouraged to plow using ox-plow. This may sound an interesting behavior but that is how it was done and it has been that way for long. Majority of these beliefs are very hard to understand but others are common between two or more ethnic groups. Putting into consideration of all the cultural beliefs, values and cultural practices of different cultural groups is very important because it makes each individual feel included in every process (Phelps, 2012). A learning environment should be all-inclusive to accommodate all different groups of people and it should be flexible enough to accept any changes or adjustments that may be required to be incorporated in order to achieve the required objectives. For instance, culture involving marriage, gender, initiation from childhood to adulthood among many others. Since the learning environment is composed of people from different cultures, it is necessary to give all the available cultures represented by each individual priority so that every person feels part of the learning process. In this learning environment, certain tribes have unique cultures, for example, in this case, the Muslim culture may seem to be outrageous because the way they dress may not relate to the way others do. Identification of cultural needs To identify different cultural needs of these learners, proper methods need to be devised to enable us to come up with a conclusive remark about their cultures. One of the methods is interviewing the learners to get to know and understand each of their cultures. In this way, learners can shade more light on how their culture operates, their practices likes and dislikes. In addition, learners can be engaged in discussion with each other or with tutors with an aim to discuss their culture and to compare and contrast different cultural behaviors and practices (Peter, Olson, 2010). These methods are because learners would be willing to participate in sharing information about their culture; otherwise, we may face hurdles especially when there is opposition from the learners to the processes and methods used. The results found from the learners can also be inaccurate and may need proper verification. Possible barriers to achieving learning outcomes to the fullest Since the learning environment consists of the varied cultural mix, it is obvious that some challenges would be faced while trying to execute the mandate. It is important to note that mixing culture sometimes make learning interesting and enjoyable, however, we cannot fail to mention the challenges that come together with it. In most occasions, the learning process may be interrupted because of learners not interested in other peoples culture (Jenster, Hover, 2014). This is a common problem faced by many educators, therefore, it important to make sure that learners are encouraged and told the importance of studying other cultures. In addition, the learning process should be made as interesting and enjoyable as possible. An example of my culture that may be a barrier to effective learning is the issue of women not allowed to participate in other activities that more important in the community (Nash, 2015). This practice may make other people feel uncomfortable participating actively to contribute to better outcomes of learning. Since other communities do not practice this belief, learners may consider it improper to learn or be involved in discussing issues related to it. It is a belief that has been practiced for a long time; however, many people have been seen to be deviating from the norms currently, it is important to note that many people still believe that other duties are purely meant for men. Consequently, some foreign culture may also influence the way learning processes to take place. One common indigenous culture concerns dressing codes. Research has indicated that we have copied extremely the dressing behavior of the Western world than we actually should (Chisnall, 2012). When people come together, for instance, people brought together in a learning environment, the manner of dressing may actually influence the learning process and hence the learning outcomes. In most occasions, the dressing code may negatively influence the how people perceive information being relayed by an individual. Situations where there is poor dressing, even the trainers would feel uncomfortable with the environment. The impact would be on the product as well as the process (Hopkins, 2013). Another culture that is present within this learning environment and it comes from the Agiuyu culture is the issue that it is not mandatory to give a dowry when one is married to their daughter; instead, they also pay the man who has married their daughter. This sounds interesting but others object it in totality. It contradicts my culture, which states that a man must pay a dowry to the womans parents. The problem faced when studying these different cultures emanate from the fact that many learners feel they should not be part of behaviors that they would not practice in their life at any given time. To address these problems, an educator needs to incorporate everybody in the learning process (Dobni, Dobni, Luffman, 2001). This can be done by making sure that learners get to understand the various aspects of different cultures through learning. Participators should discern racism and ethnicity among the learners so that each one feels wholly included in the learning process. Finally, it is important to follow the laid down policies and regulations that are enacted to protect different cultures. Stronger regulations will encourage people to seek education even in places which are not their homelands. Actions to be taken to establish a culturally safe and inclusive learning environment The learning environment we have established is composed of different people from different cultural groups. It is therefore important to come up with proper ways of creating an enabling and all-inclusive environment that will accommodate each individual so that everybody feels part of the system (Ferrell, 2016). Several actions can be put in place for the achievement of good outcomes concerning the responses that would be derived from the learners. Several learner support programs can be incorporated in the learning process to ensure that learners properly comprehend their own culture and other cultures as well. One of the methods is interviewing the learners to get to know and understand each of their cultures. In this way, learners can shade more light on how their culture operates, their practices likes and dislikes (Cadogan, 2009). In addition, learners can be engaged in discussion with each other or with tutors with an aim to discuss their culture and to compare and contrast different cultural behaviors and practices. These methods are because learners would be willing to participate in sharing information about their culture; otherwise, we may face hurdles especially when there is opposition from the learners to the processes and methods used. To make understanding easier, a trainer should use different teaching and learning strategies. These strategies would allow the trainer to consider things that would give the learners a quick insight of what they are taught. Similarly, having learners who are well versed with the community culture will ease the information delivery since those who have the knowledge will pass it to those who are unaware (Loudenback, Kelley, 2013). The language barrier can be a greater challenge to learning a different culture, therefore, it is important to use a language that everyone is comfortable with and that which explains every aspect conclusively and accurately, for instance, using vernacular language would be more effective in passing information among people from the same tribe (Buttle, 2010). In doing this, it would be easy for them to understand hidden facts that would be hard to explain using foreign languages like English. In addition, using observation as a way of practically show learners how the cultural practices are executed would be effective because learners will get time to see exactly what is done and even get an opportunity to ask questions and get clarifications at the same time (Brooksbank, 2011). The effectiveness of this strategy will be evident from the fact that learners will get to understand key information about the different cultures that are documented and are available for study. Learners should be allowed to observe practice and see for themselves different cultural practices so that they can stick into their memory for long and this will give them a chance to do comparisons where necessary. Finally, it would be necessary to have a proper understanding of the physical environment that the learning is taking place. This will enable learners to have some insights about how the occupants of that region derived some of their cultures. Some features in the physical environment are closely related to the way they behave and what they practice. For example, those people who stay around water bodies like lakes and rivers are often anglers and agriculturalists. An educator needs to incorporate everybody in the learning process. This can be done by making sure that learners get to understand the various aspects of different cultures through learning (Doole, Lowe, Kenyon, 2016). Participators should discern racism and ethnicity among the learners so that each one feels wholly included in the learning process. Finally, it is important to follow the laid down policies and regulations that are enacted to protect different cultures. Stronger regulations will encourage people to seek education even in places, which are not their homelands. In conclusion, a learning environment should be all-inclusive to accommodate all different groups of people and it should be flexible enough to accept any changes or adjustments that may be required to be incorporated in order to achieve the required objectives of the organization. References Brooksbank, R. (2011). The Education Anatomy and Strategy. Education Intelligence Planning, 12(4), 10-14. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02634509410060695 Buttle, F. (2010). The Education Implementation worksheeta practical planning tool. Long Range Planning, 18(4), 80-88. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0024-6301 (85)90088-3 Cadogan, J. (2009). US Curriculum Development. Los Angeles [u.a.]: Sage. Chisnall, P. (2012). Education and Culture: Systematic education management. Long Range Planning, 13(1), 99. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0024-6301 (80)90070-9 Dobni, B., Dobni, D., Luffman, G. (2001). Behavioural approaches to learning Strategy implementation. Learning Intelligence Planning, 19(6), 400-408. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02634500110405405 Doole, I., Lowe, R., Kenyon, A. (2016). International education policies. Andover, Hampshire: Cengage Learning EMEA. Ferrell, O. (2016). Human Development and Learning. [S.l.]: Cengage Learning. Hopkins, D. (2013). New emphases in adult education and planning. Adult Education Management, 6(6), 410-419. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0019-8501(77)90003-7 Jain, S., Jain, S. (2012). Adult Education. South Melbourne, Victoria: Cengage Learning Australia. Jenster, P., Hover, D. (2014). How to focus education to serve culture. Planning Review, 20(4), 32-36. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb054365 Loudenback, L., Kelley, E. (2013). Comparative Education and Cultural Development. Journal of Education, 36(4), 113. https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1250442 Nash, E. (2015). International Education Principles. New York: McGraw Hill. Peter, J., Olson, J. (2010). Native Education versus Indigenous Education. New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Phelps, E. (2012). Education Policies. Industrial Development on Education,10(4), 307-309. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0019-8501 (81)90042-0 Phillips, D. (2011). Education Revolution: Where Education and Culture Meet. Journal Of Adult Education, 11(5), 13-16. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb060080

Renewable Energy Essay Example

Renewable Energy Essay Topic Canada should subsidize renewable energy options such as wind and solar power in order to increase the share of renewables in Canada’s energy balance. Introduction Canada government subsidizes a number of socially beneficial services, including health care, education and energy services. Subsidies to the energy sector mainly are for oil and gas production, however, they are not all socially beneficial[figure 1]. In fact, they have negative impact for the environment and hinder developments of environmentally friendly alternative energy options. Indeed, Canada’s implementation of the Kyoto Protocol is seriously threatened by continued government support for oil and gas production, a sector with large and rapidly growing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions[1]. There are two main reasons for us to switch to renewable energy. First, there are exhaustible supply of alternatives, non-renewable energy; Second, the earth’s limited assimilative capacities[2]. Benefits Increase usage of renewable energy sources will provide a wide range of benefits to Canada’s environment, economy and society. There are some important reasons why Canada government should support the development of renewable energy technologies. Renewable energies are environmental friendly, they do not contribute to climate change, air pollution, acid deposition, or large-scale habitat destruction, and they do not face the safety and waste disposal issues characteristic of nuclear power[2]. For example, such as biomass, it simply releases the CO2 and absorbs back when their feedstock is growing, so the net effect on the atmosphere is zero. We will write a custom essay sample on Renewable Energy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Renewable Energy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Renewable Energy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In contrast, the combustion of fossil fuels release greenhouse gases to the ozone and contribute to climate change by affecting the composition of our atmosphere. The National Center for Atmospheric Research conclude, there is no doubt that the composition of the atmosphere is changing because of human activities, and today greenhouse gases are the largest human influence on global climate[2]. Canada has unlimited supply of widely available renewable energy resources, like solar and wind. Renewable energy technologies can be implemented cost-effectively in a number of applications, including solar water heating, space heating and cooling with heat pumps, passive solar design, micro-hydro electricity generation and remote power generation with solar and wind technologies[2]. Renewable energy sources can also help to diversify Canada’s energy portfolio – an important consideration, as Canada’s carbon-intensive economy will become a liability with the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol[2]. Renewable energy sources are the fastest growing energy sources in the world – the quantity of electricity produces by wind and solar power globally has increased by 20% and 16% per year, respectively, in the 1990s[2]. Costs With government’s subsidies we are able to implement more renewables projects. However, the subsidies come from higher taxes now or in the future, because people engage in activities to avoid taxation, the cost of the tax exceeds the revenue yielded by the tax, this is known as deadweight loss[figure 2]. Deadweight loss is wasteful but they are an unavoidable part of any kind of government subsidies, unless the subsidy is use to correct a market failure. Government subsidy will increase public spending and reduce the net benefit of the subsidy. Switch to renewable energy also have a huge impact on the labour market. Whether renewable energy generates more jobs or destroys current jobs, it depends on the labour intensity. Many green jobs are substitutes for existing jobs, an increase in electricity generation from wind, solar, or biomass will substitute for energy from coal-fire plan, which in turn will reduce employment in coal mining and processing[3]. The labour intensity for renewable energy is much higher in the renewable energy sector[4]. High labour requirement can be beneficial and problematic. It is obvious that higher labour requirement is beneficial because it will tend to increase employment. However, it can also be problematic because it confuses an end (goods and services valued by consumers) with a means (labour)[3]. Increase in energy price will cause price distortion and result of inefficient production in the market, it tend to reduce consumers and producers’ net benefit, and it lead a higher production cost to domestic goods, which will become more costly to compete in the world market. Policy Implication In case to shift Canada’s energy balance toward renewable energy without externalities, we need government’s actions. One possible way is to raise tax on the amount of carbon emitted to the atmosphere. If taxes are appropriately calculated, they can help raise the marginal costs of producers of non-renewable energy to equal the social and environmental costs that their activities create. Countries such as Norway, Sweden, Denmark, the United Kingdom, Finland, Switzerland and the Netherlands have already adopted carbon taxes[3]. Sweden, for example, raises US$1 billion per year from its carbon tax and approximately US$10 billion per year in energy taxes, some of which is part of a â€Å"tax shift† that goes to help develop renewable energy[3]. Paul Anderson, the CEO of a major carbon-dioxide emitting power company in US, he said â€Å"reducing greenhouse gases has become a worldwide political and social imperative†¦ It is an imperative where American leadership is not just needed; American leadership is required. †[3] Barriers There are several barriers before Canada is ready to increase renewables in its energy share. The main barrier is that Canada governments have not yet been willing to make a long-term commitment. They have for the most part failed to implement any significant policies to encourage the development of renewable energy in Canada[5]. From figure 3 we can tell that our federal government reacted to two energy crises by spending more money on non-renewable energy. In total, it spends $40. 4 billion on non-renewable energy and only $0. 2 billion on renewable energy. This failure to act ignores the fact that many other energy sources developed in Canada have received significant government support. Canada’s oil sands, off-shore oil and nuclear industries would not exist today had federal and provincial governments not provide generous research and development support as well as significant direct financial contribution, low-interest loans, loan guarantees, or special tax treatment to the implementation of specific projects[4]. As the International Energy Agency notes, â€Å"renewable energy can play a much bigger role and the pace of installation can be accelerated†¦ but that will occur only if renewable energy gets the same policy advantages that conventional fuels have received and continue to receive. [6] Without new federal and provincial government support, the Canadian renewable energy industry is unlikely to expand significantly beyond current level[5]. Conclusion Energy is the lifeblood of the economy. The result of scientific assessments around climate change and other environmental issues it has recently become clear that the environmental impacts associated with conventional energy sources will necessitate a shift to cleaner and less carbon-intensive renewable energy technologies[5]. The benefits from shifting to renewable energy are far more than the costs; it is also Pareto Improvement for our society as a whole. U. S President Obama said â€Å"to truly transform our economy, protect our security, and save our planet from the ravages of climate change, we need to ultimately make clean, renewable energy the profitable kind of energy †.

The history of the Asian community in Britain The WritePass Journal

The history of the Asian community in Britain Introduction The history of the Asian community in Britain IntroductionThe history of the Asian community in Britain The migration and settlements of Asians to the BritainStatistics of the population of South Asians in Britain Influence on Britain by the presence of Asian communityThe rationale of the presence of the Asian community in Britain Conclusion Reference ListRelated Introduction The history of Britain is marked by a continued presence and increasing trends of Asian occupation. The history of the Asian community in Britain portrays a long-term presence and increasing migrations, an area that has caused great concern among the researchers, academicians, as well as scholars. History explains the trends in the evolution of an entity since its inception and up to the point of its review. The history of the Asian community in Britain dates back in the 18th century, in the period 1850s up to date. Britain has thus become one of the world’s multicultural centers, with rampant tribes from the four corners of the world. Migration and settlement of the Asians in Britain is attributed to the existence of emigration and migration policies, conflicts in the Asian lands, employment opportunities desire among the people and so on. Asians are also known to be very outgoing people in regard to invention, and their presence in the land has excellent rationales, though s ome are attributed to negativity.    The Asian community also consists of people from distinct origins, the earliest coming from Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Sri-Lanka. The presence of the Asians in British land is known to have influenced the culture, agricultural, industrial as well as the urban sectors of the economy. The political as well as the social have not been exceptions from the influence by the long presence of these aliens. The continued migration and settlements of Asians in the recent years has drastically raised Britain populations to high scores. Researchers and scholars in the recent decades have continued to develop enthusiasm and interest in this area, though no study has directly related the history (Addison and Jones, 2007. Therefore, the discussion in this paper investigates into the history of the Asian community in Britain. The migration and settlement of the Asians in the land is also found ample to present in order to enhance the understanding of the history. An establishment of the Asian statistics in Britain is also found to provide a rationale in this discussion. Furthermore, the kind of influence on Britons as well as original settlers in Britain will also be duly presented. The history of the Asian community in Britain The history of Asian immigration to the Britain dates back in 1850’s. Different phases have been seen arrive the phases over the years, the first wave arriving in 1850 in the city of United Kingdom. The reason for the referral inform of phases is because of conformity with immigration laws that have Marjory controlled the immigration trends. The first and the second waves having arrived in 1850 an d 1882 respectively, laws were set regarding a stop of immigrants from Asia moving in to the United Kingdom. The 1970 again saw a restoration of the immigration laws that enabled other more waves moving into the United States, carrying heavy populations. The waves can be categorized into three basic groups. The first waves that were experienced in the period between 1850 and 1942, consisting mainly of Chinese and Japanese people. Most of them immigrated in search of labor due to the arising human needs. The second period occurred between 1943 and 1965, due to the evaluation and revis ion of the e migration laws in the Asian countries as well as those of immigration in the United Kingdom. The set laws were set in favor of immigrants, thus this period experiencing a vast number of people move from the Asian nations. The period from 1965 up to date is the most relevant, being the one in which rampant migrations take place.   Today, not only do the Asians migrate to the Britain, but also to other countries around the globe. The causal factors for migration have also become modified, and the laws have been regulated to ease movement for all kinds of people (Addison and Jones, 2007. The British citizens who have long emigrated from Asia from are a term that has been utilized to describe the Asians who are found living in Britain. The establishment of the East India Company is known to the beginning of southern Asian people immigration to Britain. This saw the movement of the Indian continent people to England. The independence attainment by Pakistan, India, as well as Sri-lanka was a rationale to the increased immigration and this was increased during the British Raj period. The history of the migration is also said to have emanated from economic and educational pursuits. The earliest settlements origin in Great Britain from Asia cannot be attributed, including the Romanis. The middle ages are the earliest estimated times which saw the Asians settle in the Briton land. The sinti are also inclusive of the earliest groups, originating from the regions of Pakistan and North India. The period 1000 saw the Asians begin to travel westwards, where they were mixed South west Asians and people from Europe. Sizeable numbers of Romanis started arriving at the Western Europe in the 16th century (Spencer, 1939). The 1660 saw the enactment of the Navigation act that restricted the employment realms for sailors from Non-English regions. Records of baptism in the East-Greenwich indicate that Malarban coast people origins were seeking better areas to establish their religion. The phases of migration that were in migration and settlement are grouped into four categories. The first phase saw the immigration of people who were in need of better employments that included the substandard jobs, including those of cooks as well as farming in small-scale farms. The recent years have been characterized by rampant migrations of the Asians into Britain and other area (Spencer, 1939). The migration and settlements of Asians to the Britain The emigration policies that had set in each of the Asian countries, and their relationship with the immigration policies at work in the Britain has been a long term factor that contributing to the Asian immigration into the British countries. The second rationale entails the linkage between Britain and the South Asian countries in relation to economical, political, social, as well as military linkages. A third migration cause is the aspect of globalization, in the fact that the world has been modified recently to appear like a small city where people can move to and fro. This has also made the movement process easy, making the movement of the Asians into the United Kingdom year-by-year (Spencer, 1939). Theories have long been put forward that provide broad literature concerning the immigration of the Asian people into the Britain as well as into other countries. The push and pull forces that are considered causal for migration are abundant, and contributing to the actions of the pull and push theory. The push action of the theory is manifested in the fact that major factors are considered to cause the Asians move out of their original homeland into an alien land. These factors include search for labor, spirit of adventure, in search for better business as well as conflicts occurrence in the emigration land. The pull action comes in when the target alien land has a ground for provision of the needed by the immigrants. The Asians consider the Britain to possess important soil, geographical and development addition to social and culturally ample features. These are push factors that make the Asians develop increased enthusiasm to travel abroad, constituting the push and pull theory (V isram, 2002). Migration is a major contributor to population increase in Britain spheres. The earliest known Asian settlers in Britain were from the Bangladesh region, Pakistan as well as the Sri-Lankans. The recent years have seen the Chinese and Japanese continue to settle in Britain for agricultural, industrial as well as urban and technological reasons. Therefore, the change in the agricultural, industrial and urban sectors has experienced a boost as a result of increased migrations and settlement.   The rampant migrations have seen increased interactions in terms of language influence. The Asians have influenced the Britons with their language and at the same time, the Britons impacted their language on the immigrating Asians. Migration has also a causal factor for the adoption of new farming, industrial as well as technological skills (Kalra and Sayyid, 2008). Statistics of the population of South Asians in Britain The southern Asians are the earliest people known to have settled in Britain, since the year 1850. The distinct types of the south Asians in the Britain region include those that came from Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, and Sri-lanka. The Chinese and the Japanese people are also present in Britain in large numbers. The current statistics indicate the Asians to consist of 15% of people from Pakistan, Bangladesh as well Sri-lanka. The Indians from southern Britain are also the largest part of the Asians in the British continents (35%). The trends of movement in the phases have shown a great increment according to the recent research. The recent years have seen many people from the four corners of the world desire to get their way into the Britain. The earlier waves are known to have trends that were rising in terms of the immigration population as well as movement and settlement reasons. Philosophical thinkers have tried to come up with explanations governing the recent immigrations into Britain. Most of the causal factors are because of political, social, as well as economic interests. Many scholars believe that the Britain has the best education system, therefore desiring to become part of the same. The economists have credited the country with excellent economic systems as well as financial management ones, thus making most people want an association with the powerful country. The Academicians have contributed to the recent developed immigration trends in Britain in their urge to compare the academic curriculum with other systems since the Britain systems are considered the best around the globe (Kalra and Sayyid, 2008). Influence on Britain by the presence of Asian community The style of life of the Britons has been greatly influenced by the immigration and settlement of the Asian community in the land. The culture of the Britons was ideally eroded as a result of rampant interactions with the Asians. The language was also ideally influenced by the mix of cultures where each culture had to learn the language of the other. A strong adaptation skill to the region was a demand for all people found in the British continent. The Asians are known to have a passion for music, arts and performances, theatre activities, factor which has long led to the establishment of experience economy centers. The establishment of the events industries including the tourism industry is a result of the increased interaction between distinct communities. The Britons were taught how to adopt the agricultural practices, which have long caused the increases experienced in the economic fields. The history and the present day immigration to the Britain has become an issue of concern i n the recent years. The U.S is one of the countries where population rise has also been an issue in the research reams. This is attributed to the in movement of people from other continents, predominantly the Asians, and specifically the Chinese and Japanese. The Chinese were the original immigrants in the 1850’s. Following the enactment of distinct laws governing immigration by the different ruling regimes in the Britain, four waves have been seen come into the Britain, the first beginning in the 1850. The second was in operation in the 1943 up to 1965. The third was found to operate in the 1965 and up to 1980, while the last rate from 1980s to the present day, constitutes the current immigration trends (Brown, 2007). Immigration emanates from the desire to boost the economic, social, as well as political status of a nation. It is also geared towards the achievement of better cultural conditions of the immigrants, for instance immigrant women in the Britain due to the alienation of culture, thus they are able to acquire life with freedom. Scholars are migrating to enhance their knowledge as academicians search for better curriculum. Industries like Japan and China move in search for industrial location and business contraction sites, as the traders seek ample trade partners across the globe. More over, the enactment of immigration laws in countries like the UK has made it possible for many immigrants to emerge. The impacts of immigrations include global technological advancements, urbanization, and industrial developments, in addition to the conflicts and culture linkages and alienations as in the current world. However, the Asians have left a mark in their rampant immigration trends to Britain (B rown, 2007). The rationale of the presence of the Asian community in Britain The presence of the Asians in Britain has had major positive and negative effects on the Britons, the immigrants as well as the entire country’s realms. The Asians are long known to possess a heart for development and making great industrial discoveries. Thus, the recent industrial advancements are known to have taken place partly because of the presence of the immigrants. The increment in the agrarian revolution and the agrarian shifts that have long taken place in Britain are attributed to the presence of the Asians in the region. Britain is today identified as one of the multicultural countries in the world due to continued presence of the Asians in Britain. Thus, alienation of cultures occurred to great extents such that mostly the existence of mixed cultures is prominent. The recent technological advancements have had their way due to the increased occupation of the Asians in Britain. The experience economy sector has been ideally improved due to the influence of Britain by the immigrant Asians. There has been development of arts, tourism, as well as the events industry (Brown, 2007). The recent industrialization trends have made it possible for the formation of linkages between the Asian and American continents, facilitating the movement of people from one corner to the other in search for better industrial linkages. These have made the Japanese and the Chinese people become rampant in the Unites states industrial realms, owing to the fact that they are industrial-minded people. These have moved and settled in the United Kingdom fostering for the best development patterns. The recent academic trends have also enabled the immigration of people from the Asian to the American continent. Thus, the recent immigration trends are composure of all kinds of people, and the population of the Britain has solely increased (Brown, 2007). Conclusion The history of Britain is marked by a continued presence and increasing trends of Asian occupation. The history of the Asian community in Britain portrays a long-term presence and increasing migrations, an area that has caused great concern among the researchers, academicians, as well as scholars. The recent statistics indicate the presence of large numbers of Asians in Britain, up to almost 50%. The presence of Asians has ideally influenced the political, social and economic life of the Britons and other cultures though has a very great economic rationale. More research should be conducted to reveal correct statistical figures of Asian community in Britain. Reference List Addison, P. and Jones, H., 2007. A companion to contemporary Britain, 1939-2000. MA: Wiley-Blackwell. Brown, J., 2007. Global South Asians: introducing the modern Diaspora. NY: Cambridge University Press. Kalra, N. and Sayyid, V., 2008. A Postcolonial People: South Asians in Britain. Columbia University Press. Spencer, I., 1939. British immigration policy since 1939:   the making of multi-racial Britain. NY: Routledge. Visram, R., 2002. Asians in Britain: 400 Years of History, Pluto Press. (Online). Available from fathom.com/course/21701766/index.html (Accessed April 15, 2011)

Peer Response Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

Peer Response - Assignment Example Thus, to do this, one full time authorized officer should be governing IT operations and requirements on a continuing basis. The detailed information regarding the recommended IT General Control (ITGC) and application controls were commendable. It was also valid that a CIO or a CISO should be assigned to govern the operations and security of the information systems in the agency. The accountable officer should possess the competencies and qualifications for identifying IT infrastructure requirements and undertake risk assessment management, as required. One strongly believes that investing in these control systems, assigning point persons (officers and staff), and designing policies and procedures that would manage and protect the agency’s database systems would be crucial in safeguarding the agencies assets and resources, as required. Every organization, regardless of the number of personnel, as long as information systems are used, should assign IT personnel and officers who would manage IT in the most effective manner. Management functions include planning, organizing, directing, and controlling all facets of the operations (IT) towards the achievement of organizational

Lift observation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Lift observation - Essay Example Modern lift design aims at providing passengers with more aesthetic enjoyment. The need for mobility within buildings has enhanced the design of lifts to create places of character and destination where people can meet. Lifts bring a sense of ease and pleasure among people. Ethnographic inquiry provides a seamless compatibility of ideas between the researcher’s own observations and other users; lift users. The perception of technical design determines how people interacted with lifts (Carroll, 2000). This research will consider how lift design enhances social interaction. As it has been the case, once people got into a lift, colleagues acted like strangers and dropped their voices to a hush. People rushed into corners and stood motionless. Passengers watched as floor numbers counted to their respective floors. These behavior and technological advancements in lift designs has prompted numerous researchers to study the inherent social interactions. The psychology of the architectural environment determines how the presence or absence of specific design features triggered lift habits (Honey, 2003). This study was based on observing lifts in The Shard; a high-rise building where lift usage is a necessity, and London Underground; where socio-cultural dimensions come into play. The quantifiable and unquantifiable dynamics of these spaces assist in gauging user behavior. Observations were divided into two parts to enhance the amount of data collected. In the first stage, I sat outside the lift banks watching people use the lifts while in the second stage; I travelled up and down trying to blend in with other users. Using the lifts brought about a clear understanding of the experience; from the users’ point of view. Population determined the level of social interaction. In London Underground, the population was higher than that in The Shard. The stations have barrier free access to and from street level. In The Shard, a security desk

Stereotypes in Film Essay Example for Free

Stereotypes in Film Essay Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary clearly defines ethnocentrism as the â€Å"characterization by or based on the attitude that ones own group is superior. † To address the deeper issues associated to ethnocentrism requires a more explicit definition. In this sense, ethnocentrism can be defined as the making of false assumptions regarding others ways based on our own limited experience. The key word is assumptions, because oftentimes we are not even aware that we are being ethnocentric we dont understand that we dont understand. These mannerisms lead to seeing other ways of life through a slanted perspective which can lead to unhealthy feelings of haughtiness and self-righteousness. A variety of cultures can appear differently, depending on our perspective. In many ways we are like the blind men in the fable written by the Persian poet Jalal al-Din Rumi, The Blind Men and the Elephant. â€Å"A beast of mystery appeared in the land of the blind. The raja sent his advisors out to investigate. Waiting until the mysterious beast was sleeping, they touched it. When the blind men had felt the creature, the raja went to each of them and said to each, Well, blind man, have you seen this beast? Tell me, what sort of thing is the creature? There upon the men who were presented with the body answered, Sire, this beast is like a wall. While the men who had observed the ear replied, No, this animal is like a fan. Those who had touched the tusk said, ‘The beast is like a spear. ’ Those who knew only the trunk said it was a snake; others said the leg was a tree; the tail, a rope. All of these blind men described parts of the same thing a sleeping elephant. As you can see, the blind men had only a partial view of the elephant. There moral here is that if you put together your partial views in proper order, you will get an idea of what an elephant looks like. As Americans we seem to be limited by our own perspectives of given cultures and groups of people and fail to see the variety of viewpoints present. Assumptions can also reflect false positive attitudes about others ways. For example, we in an urban industrial society frequently think of other cultures as being free of the stresses of modern society. Unfortunately this view fails to recognize that many stresses are present in their way of life, including the threat of disease, risk of starvation, and lack of transportation to name a few. False positive assumptions are just as misleading as false negative assumptions. Ethnocentrism leads to misunderstanding others and the generalization regarding a person or group of persons, stereotyping. We falsely distort what is meaningful and functional to other peoples through our own point of view. We see their ways in terms of our life experience, not their context. We do not understand that their ways have their own meanings and functions in life, just as our ways have for us. We develop stereotypes when we are unable or unwilling to obtain all of the information we would need to make fair judgments about people or situations. In the absence of the total picture, stereotypes in many cases allow us to fill in the blanks. Our society often innocently creates and perpetuates stereotypes, but these stereotypes often lead to unfair discrimination and persecution when the stereotype is unfavorable. For example, if you were walking downtown late at night and come upon three senior citizens walking with canes and wearing fur coats, you may not feel as intimidated as if you encountered three college-aged boys wearing leather jackets. Why is this so? In each case we have made a generalization. These generalizations have been formed based on experiences we have had ourselves, read about in books and magazines, seen in movies or television, or have had related to us by friends and family. In many cases, these stereotypical generalizations are reasonably accurate. Yet, in virtually every case, we are resorting to prejudice by ascribing characteristics about a person based on a stereotype, without knowledge of the total facts. By stereotyping, we assume that a person or group has certain characteristics. Quite often, we have stereotypes about individuals who are members of groups with which we have not had firsthand contact. So here we have a paradox: we falsely assume because we are not even aware we are assuming and furthermore it is the normal thing to do. We cannot not be ethnocentric, and we cannot will it away or make ourselves have a completely open attitude. Is it ever possible not to be ethnocentric?

The Importance of a Sound Mind and Body in Homers Odyssey Essay

The Importance of a Sound Mind and Body in Homer's Odyssey      Ã‚  Ã‚   If one were to only have a very fit and strong body, lacking mental ability, to the Greeks it would not suffice. If a man were merely smart and intelligent, without much physical capability, the Greeks would feel that he is not complete. They believed an individual must have have both, a well developed mind and a fit body, not only one or the other, to be ideal. This is the Greek concept of a sound mind and body. In Homer's Odyssey, Odysseus and Telemachos, had to have and/or achieve a sound mind and body, to be the successful and outstanding characters of the epic. The ones who lacked these quality suffered and paid for it in the end.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Books one and two, Telemachos acts immaturely and lacks mental prowess. For this reason he makes his life difficult. Yet, Later on he matures and gains a sound mind. Telemachos certainly has a sound body. Menelaos says of how "...it amazes me quite, how this young man(Telemachos) looks exactly like Odysseus, strong and mighty"{page 47}. Yet, he is criticized by others, for the reason that he does not have a sound mind. In an attempt to stand his ground, in front of the council he breaks down into tears. Antinoos says "Telemachos you are a boaster, and you don't know how to keep your temper!"{page 24}. Telemachos made an attempt to express his valid point of view, and does so, but fails to convince the council. He breaks down in tears, showing how immature he really is. He does not have a sound mind. The council basked in this weakness and was even more critical of him at that point. Later on, he is told of how "(Tele... ...the other-hand, the ones that lacked either a sound mind or body, failed. Odysseus and Telemachos were able to find each other and win back their home, while the suitors and even Achilles were robbed of their lives. It is a fact that a sound mind and body were an essential ideal in the ancient Greek society and The Odyssey.       Works Cited and Consulted Crane, Gregory , Calypso: Backgrounds and Conventions of the Odyssey,   Frankfurt, Athenaeum 1988 Heubeck, Alfred, J.B. Hainsworth, et al. A commentary on Homer's Odyssey. 3 Vols. Oxford PA4167 .H4813 1988 Homer (Translated by Robert Fagles. Preface by Bernard Knox). The Odyssey. New York: Viking Penguin, div. of Penguin Books, Ltd. 1996. Rengakos, Antonios. Homertext und die Hellenistichen Dichter. Hermes. Einzelschriften, Heft 64. Stuttgart, F. Steiner, 1993.    The Importance of a Sound Mind and Body in Homer's Odyssey Essay The Importance of a Sound Mind and Body in Homer's Odyssey      Ã‚  Ã‚   If one were to only have a very fit and strong body, lacking mental ability, to the Greeks it would not suffice. If a man were merely smart and intelligent, without much physical capability, the Greeks would feel that he is not complete. They believed an individual must have have both, a well developed mind and a fit body, not only one or the other, to be ideal. This is the Greek concept of a sound mind and body. In Homer's Odyssey, Odysseus and Telemachos, had to have and/or achieve a sound mind and body, to be the successful and outstanding characters of the epic. The ones who lacked these quality suffered and paid for it in the end.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Books one and two, Telemachos acts immaturely and lacks mental prowess. For this reason he makes his life difficult. Yet, Later on he matures and gains a sound mind. Telemachos certainly has a sound body. Menelaos says of how "...it amazes me quite, how this young man(Telemachos) looks exactly like Odysseus, strong and mighty"{page 47}. Yet, he is criticized by others, for the reason that he does not have a sound mind. In an attempt to stand his ground, in front of the council he breaks down into tears. Antinoos says "Telemachos you are a boaster, and you don't know how to keep your temper!"{page 24}. Telemachos made an attempt to express his valid point of view, and does so, but fails to convince the council. He breaks down in tears, showing how immature he really is. He does not have a sound mind. The council basked in this weakness and was even more critical of him at that point. Later on, he is told of how "(Tele... ...the other-hand, the ones that lacked either a sound mind or body, failed. Odysseus and Telemachos were able to find each other and win back their home, while the suitors and even Achilles were robbed of their lives. It is a fact that a sound mind and body were an essential ideal in the ancient Greek society and The Odyssey.       Works Cited and Consulted Crane, Gregory , Calypso: Backgrounds and Conventions of the Odyssey,   Frankfurt, Athenaeum 1988 Heubeck, Alfred, J.B. Hainsworth, et al. A commentary on Homer's Odyssey. 3 Vols. Oxford PA4167 .H4813 1988 Homer (Translated by Robert Fagles. Preface by Bernard Knox). The Odyssey. New York: Viking Penguin, div. of Penguin Books, Ltd. 1996. Rengakos, Antonios. Homertext und die Hellenistichen Dichter. Hermes. Einzelschriften, Heft 64. Stuttgart, F. Steiner, 1993.