Hildegard of Bingen, Mystic, Writer, Composer, Saint

Hildegard of Bingen (1098–September 17, 1179) was a medieval mystic and visionary and Abbess of Bingens Benedictine community. She was also a prolific composer and the author of several books on spirituality, visions, medicine, health and nutrition, nature. A powerful figure within the church, she corresponded with Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine and other major political figures of the time. She was made a saint of the Church of England and was later canonized by the Catholic Church. Fast Facts: Hildegard of Bingen Known For: German mystic, religious leader, and saintAlso Known As: Saint Hildegard, Sibyl  of the  RhineBorn: 1098 in  Bermersheim vor der Hà ¶he, GermanyParents: Mechtild of Merxheim-Nahet,  Hildebert of BermersheimDied: September 17, 1179 in  Bingen am Rhein, GermanyEducation: Privately educated in at the  Benedictine  cloister of Disibodenberg by Jutta, a sister of the count of SpanheimPublished Works:  Symphonia armonie celestium revelationum, Physica, Causae et Curae, Scivias, Liber Vitae Meritorum, (Book of the Life of Merits), Liber Divinorum Operum (Book of the Divine Works)Awards and Honors:  Canonized in 2012 by Pope Benedict XVI; proclaimed a doctor of the church in the same yearNotable Quote: Woman may be made from man, but no man can be made without a woman. Hildegard of Bingen Biography Born in Bemersheim (Bà ¶ckelheim), West Franconia (now Germany), in 1098, Hildegard of Bingen was the 10th child of a well-to-do family. Shed had visions connected with illness (perhaps migraines) from a young age, and in 1106 her parents sent her to a 400-year-old Benedictine monastery that had only recently added a section for women. They put her under the care of a noblewoman and resident there named Jutta, calling Hildegard the familys tithe to God. Jutta, whom Hildegard later referred to as an unlearned woman, taught Hildegard to read and write. Jutta became the abbess of the convent, which attracted other young women of noble background. In that time, convents were often places of learning, a welcome home to women who had intellectual gifts. Hildegard, as was true of many other women in convents at the time, learned Latin, read the scriptures, and had access to many other books of religious and philosophical nature. Those who have traced the influence of ideas in her writings find that Hildegard must have read quite extensively. Part of the Benedictine rule required study, and Hildegard clearly availed herself of the opportunities. Founding a New, Female House When Jutta died in 1136, Hildegard was elected unanimously as the new abbess. Rather than continue as part of a double house—a monastery with units for men and for women—Hildegard in 1148 decided to move the convent to Rupertsberg, where it was on its own and not directly under the supervision of a male house. This gave Hildegard considerable freedom as an administrator, and she traveled frequently in Germany and France. She claimed that she was following Gods order in making the move, firmly opposing her abbots opposition. She assumed a rigid position, lying like a rock until he gave his permission for the move. The move was completed in 1150. The Rupertsberg convent grew to as many as 50 women and became a popular burial site for the wealthy of the area. The women who joined the convent were of wealthy backgrounds, and the convent did not discourage them from maintaining something of their lifestyle. Hildegard of Bingen withstood criticism of this practice, claiming that wearing jewelry to worship God was honoring God, not practicing selfishness. She later also founded a daughter house in Eibingen. This community is still in existence. Hildegards Work and Visions Part of the Benedictine rule is labor, and Hildegard spent early years in nursing and at Rupertsberg in illustrating (illuminating) manuscripts. She hid her early visions; only after she was elected abbess did she receive a vision that she said clarified her knowledge of the psaltery...the evangelists and the volumes of the Old and New Testament. Still showing much self-doubt, she began to write and share her visions. Papal Politics Hildegard of Bingen lived at a time when, within the Benedictine movement, there were stresses on the inner experience, personal meditation, an immediate relationship with God, and visions. It was also a time in Germany of striving between papal authority and the authority of the German (Holy Roman) emperor and by a papal schism. Hildegard of Bingen, through her many letters, took to task both the German Emperor Frederick Barbarossa and the archbishop of Main. She wrote to such luminaries as King Henry II of England and his wife Eleanor of Aquitaine. She also corresponded with many individuals of low and high estate who wanted her advice or prayers. Hildegards Favorite Richardis or Ricardis von Stade, one of the convents nuns who was a personal assistant to Hildegard of Bingen, was a special favorite of Hildegard. Richardis brother was an archbishop, and he arranged for his sister to head another convent. Hildegard tried to persuade Richardis to stay and wrote insulting letters to the brother and even wrote to the pope, hoping to stop the move. But Richardis left and died after she decided to return to Rupertsberg but before she could do so. Preaching Tour In her 60s, Hildegard of Bingen began the first of four preaching tours, speaking mostly in other communities of Benedictines such as her own and other monastic groups, but also sometimes speaking in public settings. Hildegard Defies Authority A final famous incident happened near the end of Hildegards life when she was in her 80s. She allowed a nobleman who had been excommunicated to be buried at the convent, seeing that he had last rites. She claimed shed received word from God allowing the burial. But her ecclesiastical superiors intervened and ordered the body exhumed. Hildegard defied the authorities by hiding the grave, and the authorities excommunicated the entire convent community. Most insultingly to Hildegard, the interdict prohibited the community from singing. She complied with the interdict, avoiding singing and communion, but did not comply with the command to exhume the corpse. Hildegard appealed the decision to yet higher church authorities and finally had the interdict lifted. Hildegard of Bingen Writings The best-known writing of Hildegard of Bingen is a trilogy (1141–1152) including Scivias, Liber Vitae Meritorum, (Book of the Life of Merits), and Liber Divinorum Operum (Book of the Divine Works). These include records of her visions—many are apocalyptic—and her explanations of scripture and salvation history. She also wrote plays, poetry, and music, and many of her hymns and song cycles are recorded today. She even wrote on medicine and nature—and its important to note that for Hildegard of Bingen, as for many in medieval times, theology, medicine, music, and similar topics were united, not separate spheres of knowledge. Was Hildegard a Feminist? Today, Hildegard of Bingen is celebrated as a feminist. This has to be interpreted within the context of her times. On the one hand, she accepted many of the assumptions of the time about the inferiority of women. She called herself a paupercula feminea forma or poor weak woman, and implied that the current feminine age was thereby a less-desireable age. That God depended on women to bring his message was a sign of the chaotic times, not a sign of the advance of women. On the other hand, she exercised considerably more authority than most women of her time in practice, and she celebrated feminine community and beauty in her spiritual writings. She used the metaphor of marriage to God, though this was not her invention nor a new metaphor—and it was not universal. Her visions have female figures in them: Ecclesia, Caritas (heavenly love), Sapientia, and others. In her texts on medicine, she included topics that male writers usually avoided, such as how to deal with menstrual cramps. She also wrote a text just on what is today called gynecology. Clearly, she was a more prolific writer than most women of her era; more to the point, she was more prolific than most of the men of the time. There were some suspicions that her writing was not her own and could instead be attributed to her scribe Volman, who seems to have taken the writings that she put down and made permanent records of them. But even in her writing after he died, her usual fluency and complexity of writing is present, which would be counterevidence to the theory of his authorship. Sainthood Perhaps because of her famous (or infamous) flouting of ecclesiastical authority, Hildegard of Bingen was not initially canonized by the Roman Catholic Church as a saint, although she was honored locally as a saint. The Church of England considered her a saint. On May 10, 2012, Pope Benedict XVI officially declared her a saint of the Roman Catholic Church. Later that year on October 7, he named her a Doctor of the Church (meaning her teachings are recommended doctrine). She was the fourth woman to be so honored, after Teresa of Avila, Catherine of Siena, and Tà ©rà ¨se of Lisieux. Death Hildegard of Bingen died  on September 17, 1179, at age 82. Her feast day is September 17. Legacy Hildegard of Bingen was, by modern standards, not as revolutionary as she might have been considered in her time. She preached the superiority of order over change, and the church reforms she pushed for included the superiority of ecclesiastical power over secular power, and of popes over kings. She opposed the Cathar heresy in France and had a long-running rivalry (expressed in letters) with another figure whose influence was unusual for a woman, Elisabeth of Shonau. Hildegard of Bingen is probably more properly classified as a prophetic visionary rather than a mystic, as revealing knowledge from God was more her priority than her own personal experience or union with God. Her apocalyptic visions of the consequences of acts and practices, her lack of concern for herself, and her sense that she was the instrument of Gods word to others differentiate her from many of the female and male mystics near her time. Her music is performed today and her spiritual works are read as examples of a feminine interpretation of church and spiritual ideas. Sources â€Å"A Contemporary Look at Hildegard of Bingen.†Ã‚  Healthy Hildegard, 21 Feb. 2019.The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. â€Å"St. Hildegard.†Ã‚  Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, 1 Jan. 2019.Franciscan Media. â€Å"Saint Hildegard of Bingen.†Ã‚  Franciscan Media, 27 Dec. 2018.

The Differences Between Us And Lower Animals - 896 Words

Language Development Charles Darwin once said that one of the major difference between us and lower animals is our ability to associate sounds and idea by speaking words. This ability to come up with a language and use languages depends on the high development of mental powers. The use of language is considered one of the three pillars of human development alongside affects, and cognition. The ability to link feelings into words is called translation. At around age 2 , the children s ability to use language significantly improves. Their ability to string up words to make sentences and their vocabulary knowledge is improved. THeir ability to describe their environment and come up with representative language shows up the same time when their ability to imitate and represent improves as well. During the early years of 2-3 children require a combination of participation and an accepting environment to fully explore their potentials of learning the language. Most of times expressive com plex speech and sarcasm fall to deaf ear as the child take it literally or have no knowledge of the complex vocabulary. Due to the little social knowledge and egocentrism of most young children indirect requests also seem to confuse them. At around the age of 4, children starts to develop understanding of more pragmatic rules. One example is the ability to speak politely which is a cognitive sign that they now can understand the viewpoints of others. Another concept of language we must graspShow MoreRelatedSzymborska Ioc1595 Words   |  7 Pagesthe value of life of a human vastly outweighs that of an animal – or in the case of this poem, an insect. In ‘Seen from Above’, Szymborska underscores the ingrained interpretation of the pecking order of life, which we take for granted. What does this mean? We as humans do not stop and ruminate the tragedy of the death of a bird, or mourn the passing of an ant. 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Immunization Programs In New Zealand Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Immunization Programs In New Zealand. Answer: Background The target suggested is the increase in immunizations for communities in New Zealand. The immunization programs are mainly facilitated by the locally approved vaccinators. According to Ministry of Health, (2017) the main vaccinators that are supported for this target include any local programs specifically recommended by a medical health officer of the area or the National Immunization Schedule and nationally endorsed and funded vaccinations for particular groups. The National Immunization Schedule is usually aimed at providing vaccinations against diseases for children aged six weeks to 12 years (Udy, 2008). The rationale for increased immunizations is to ensure the best possible health protection for children and to reduce the prevalence of lethal disease among the younger population. Very young children are usually at most risk of developing diseases since their body immune systems are not exposed to dangerous infectious conditions. If there might emerge infectious and lethal dise ases that are likely to affect other groups, the program has allowed funded vaccinations for particular groups. The coverage of immunization programs for the National Immunization Schedule has seen significant success. For instance, in 2017, their immunization of eligible candidates was well above 80% for most immunization services (Ministry of Health, 2017). The implication is that there are minimal changes that should be made to create an improvement in the immunization prospects. Some of the current HPV related health initiatives in Bay of Plenty area include the Pasifika HPV promotion that focuses on Pacific Islander females using incentives to encourage HPV immunizations. For this target, we focus on a health initiative that is inclusive of children vaccinated under the National Immunization Schedule and older populations. The HPV immunization is government funded and is provided for children at the age of 8 years to 26-year-old young adults. The HPV Immunization Program was initiated as early as 2008. The HPV began as an initiative to help prevent cancer causing HPV infections. The effort started through evaluation of similar strategies that were already commenced overseas. The currently available HPV vaccination is approved by Medsafe to be safe for use on humans. Also up to 125 other countries are using the same immunization and have established that the prevention is long lasting. According to New Zealand Herald, (2011), there are still up to 150 cases of cervical cancer among older women in the entire nation every year. The perception is that the prevalence of disease-causing infections is always relatively high and requires the attention of governmental programs. The main idea behind the HPV virus is to introduce to the body, a non-infectious version of the HPV virus to trigger preventive antibodies that can keep the patient immune from infection. Proposal details The relevance for an increased investment into the implementation of vaccination programs for HPV is that there is a need for most families to understand the reality of cervical cancer and other conditions that the young adult may risk in the event of HPV infection. According to Cancer Society, (2017) HPV is behind 70% of cervical cancer cases and is therefore essential for girls. In fact, the program in 2008 offered free vaccination for girls. However, there is still a high risk of developing other cancers among women and men who contract the virus. This explains the place of controversies against the vaccination with a focus on medications such as Gardasil. New Zealand Herald, (2017) reports that in 2016, the government invested an extra $124 million in HPV vaccinations to increase access to further medication. Even with the progress that the government has made in availing the injection for HPV, there is a need for public education which forms part of the program to implement HPV vaccination correctly. Some of the primary concerns are the public perception of the immunization to be promoting promiscuity and the scepticism that is associated with the cervical smear (Dursun et al., 2009). The approval age for the HPV vaccination requires girls to acquire the immunization as early as possible when their immune systems are stronger than when they get older. However, there are more disparaging statistics that point towards the need to implement vaccination that may work towards improving future healthfully. The Bay of Plenty faces the highest numbers of cancer cases and therefore requires all mechanisms to be undertaken to ensure that the possibility of developing cancer through contracted HPV are reduced. Some of the main issues surrounding the perception include a report that Bay of Plenty shows cancer cases significantly higher than the national mean. The cancer mortality rate is at 140 per 100,000 making it the seventh highest in the nation (New Zealand Herald, 2011). It is thus an imperative to look at the population outlook of cancer cases. According to New Zealand Herald, (2011) the Maori population who are the most deprived report more cases. The implication is that there is a higher correlation between low income and the possibility of developing cancer. Government-funded initiatives to counter cancer and cancer-causing diseases such as HPV, therefore, do not cease in their importance. Next Steps At the bay of plenty, some of the leading programs should be aimed at improving awareness concerning HPV immunization and its importance. Some of the factors to address are the perceptions concerning sexual behaviour about HPV immunization (Dursun et al., 2009). This may involve encouraging safe sexual conduct alongside the promotion of healthy options such as the immunization. Other strategies may involve focusing on the most deprived populations in the Bay of Plenty. For instance, Ministry of Health, (2017) suggests a move to lobby for the DHB to include cancer component in the whanau long-term contracts. Such policy implementations should work towards ensuring that the government is accountable for reducing the cancer prospects at the Bay of Plenty. An important strategy is to fund and implement a provision of HPV immunization freely for both the males and females alongside the promotion of nurse knowledge framework to assist with the efficient implementation of the project (Parkin Bray, 2006). The Bay of Plenty may work towards encouraging funds for initiatives to work on nursing hospices and practitioner training to improve the patient experiences at healthcare centres. Further, there should be an improvement of palliative care and innovation of various prevention plans to deal with HPV and HPV related conditions (Kang et al., 2015). There should be implemented more effective tumour review technology that may help in treating cancers in time. References Ministry of Health. (2017) HPV Vaccine Retrieved from https://www.health.govt.nz/our-work/preventative-health-wellness/immunisation/hpv-immunisation-programme/hpv-vaccine Ministry of Health. (2017). National and DHB Immunization data. Retrieved from https://www.health.govt.nz/our-work/preventative-health-wellness/immunisation/immunisation-coverage/national-and-dhb-immunisation-data Udy, Carly. (2008 May 2nd). TOP STORY: Cancer Vaccine for Bay Children. New Zealand Herald. Retrieved from https://www.nzherald.co.nz/bay-of-plenty-times/news/article.cfm?c_id=1503343objectid=10969360 New Zealand Herald. (2017 Jan 31st). Awareness Campaign launched as HPV immunization is extended to year 8 boys. New Zealand Herald. Retrieved from https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1objectid=11792001 New Zealand Herald. (2011, Sep 10th). Bay has the highest cancer rate in NZ. New Zealand Herald. Retrieved from https://www.nzherald.co.nz/bay-of-plenty-times/news/article.cfm?c_id=1503343objectid=11040619 Waikato DHB. (2017). Regional Services Plan 2016/19 Retrieved from https://waikatodhb-ebooks.co.nz/midlandregional/MidlandDHBsRegionalServicesPlan/files/basic-html/page31.html Toi Te Ora. (2017, April 3rd). Young people urged to get free HPV immunization. Scoop. Retrieved from https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/GE1704/S00009/young-people-urged-to-get-free-hpv-immunisation.htm Cancer Society. (2017). Cervical Cancer. Retrieved from https://cancernz.org.nz/cancer-information/cancer-types/cervical-cancer/ Kang, Y. J., Lewis, H., Smith, M. A., Simonella, L., Neal, H., Bromhead, C., Canfell, K. (2015). Pre-vaccination type-specific HPV prevalence in confirmed cervical high grade lesions in the M?ori and non-M?ori populations in New Zealand. BMC infectious diseases, 15(1), 365. Carter, J. R., Ding, Z., Rose, B. R. (2011). HPV infection and cervical disease: a review. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 51(2), 103-108. Parkin, D. M., Bray, F. (2006). The burden of HPV-related cancers. Vaccine, 24, S11-S25. Dursun, P., Altuntas, B., Kuscu, E., Ayhan, A. (2009). Women's knowledge about human papillomavirus and their acceptance of HPV vaccine. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 49(2), 202-206.

Recognition of Aboriginal Law for Customary Law - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theRecognition of Aboriginal Law for Customary Law. Answer: The Aboriginal law of Australia is the customary law of Australia which is comprised of those customs which are being practiced by the Aboriginal societies of Australia for a very long time. These laws govern the human conduct and command punishments for its contravention. The Aboriginal law is different from the Australian law as the former governs all the aspects of the life of Aboriginal people while the common law system of Australia does not governs people on all the aspects of life for example their personal laws which cover marriage and divorce laws. The conflict between the two laws sometimes makes the people from the Aboriginal community to make a decision which results in contravention of either of the two laws.[1] However, gradually the laws of all Aboriginal communities have been altered such that in case of conflict between the two laws the common law of prevails. The Australian legal system identifies Aboriginal laws but does not gives them importance over the common law of Australia. Notwithstanding the recognition given to the existence of customary law in Australia, people of Indigenous community are restricted to argue the common law cases, due to a number of legal complications. Not much reliance is laid on Aboriginal law in Australian courts because the common law only recognizes its existence. The Aboriginal law is the tradition of Indigenous people of the Northern Territory and is an important source from which they derive their rights and duties.[2] The question of acknowledgment of the Aboriginal law is in debate in the Northern Territory since a very long time. In the Northern Territory, certain legislations and courts have mentioned customary laws where such law is expedient in recognizing relationships or societal expectations. In 1897 the Aboriginal Protection and Restriction of the Sale of Opium Act was enacted. The Act gave powers to the Minister to remove, detain and relocate the aboriginal people to reserves and gave permission the Minister to make additional guidelines to control the acts of the aboriginal people. Police was also given power to bestow retributive justice" to the people of Aboriginal community. The consequences of the enactment of this statute was that many people of Indigenous communities died while conflicting with the police. At this point the government thought that the Indigenous community was headed for disappearance, and announced measures to segregate the Indigenous community from the society at large. The government took charge for Indigenous people, compelling them to live on specially designated reserves for Aboriginal community. The policy of the government soon shifted from protection of Indigenous people to their integration into non-indigenous communities. The Indigenous communities are the original owner of the territory. The State is the stranger. International morality recommends a guest should respect the host. These communities have been exposed to racial discrimination all over the world, and even today they continue to be discriminated.[3] The principles of human rights require the State to respect the rights of traditional communities. The seeds of the spirit for protecting the rights of traditional communities are inherent in the theory of natural rights.[4] Article 27 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights gives right to every human being to take part freely in the cultural rites of the community to which he belongs and to enjoy its arts and share the scientific developments and its benefits. The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 1966 gives recognition to the inherent dignity and equal and non- transferrable rights of all human beings. The legal systems of the Northern Territory or the Commonwealth of Australia may be recommended to implement the following model in order to recognize the Aboriginal law into the Australian legal system[5]. These recommendations will provide freedom of traditional and cultural rights of the people of Indigenous community as customary law being a part of tradition should be respected and recognized as a moral commitment of the society. The government may introduce statutory provisions and guidelines that would enable governmental agencies and courts to consider the Aboriginal law in the exercise of their discretions as per the requirement of their circumstances. Further the Aboriginal people may be encouraged to participate in the decision making process relating matters connected to their lives. The government should develop law and justice plans that recognize the aboriginal customary law to deal with issues related to the community and enhance the implementation of the Australian law within the community. The government should adopt policies that would ensure that the general law of the Northern territory administers justice in respect of matters dealing with the rights and obligations of the Aboriginal people under the traditional law. Efforts should be made for learning the customary laws so that justice can be attained in cases involving matters related to people of Aboriginal community. The Aboriginal customary law of Australia has its own importance and people of Australia should be full of pride about that fact. The Aboriginal people have different customs than the non-Aboriginals but they fall under the same common law system. The only reason behind the suppression of the customary laws is the non-acceptance and of not showing mutual respect and mutual understanding of different customs. The statutes and the precedents do not confirm with the customary laws. The conflicts arise because they do not want to understand each other. Measures need to be taken to remove the ambiguity between the two different laws which come from different backgrounds and not by ignoring each other.[6] Further the courts should have the obligation to consider certain issues, viz., the background of the accused and the nature of the offence while deciding the punishment. This also includes giving regard to the Indigenous customary law in cases involving Indigenous offenders. Conflicts arise when Indigenous offenders commit certain acts that are permissible under customary laws, but prohibited under the common law. Like in the case of Hales v Jamilmira[7] where the offender, an Indigenous male, was convicted for committing unlawful sexual intercourse with a 15 year old girl. He argued that he was acting under the Indigenous customary law. The judges confirmed the illegality of the act of the offender under common law. In Walker v The State of New South Wales, [8] the High Court of Australia was of the view that even if an assumption is made that the customary criminal law of the people of Aboriginal community survived British settlement, it was abolished by the passage of criminal legislations which were for the general application. From the observation and analysis made above it can be concluded that the historical relationship existing between people of Indigenous community and the common law system of Australia, the people of Indigenous community lack access to redressal of their issues. The continuous discrimination in access to right to approach courts has placed the people of Indigenous community as people of second class not having equal civil and political rights. This has long-term consequences, which may be seen in a lack of familiarity, of access or trust in legal remedies to their problems. Reference List: Altman, Jon, and Sue Jackson. Indigenous land and sea management.Ten commitments revisited: securing Australias future environment. CSIRO Publishing, Canberra(2014): 207-216. Danial Kelly, The Black and White of Wunungmurra, (2012) 2 NTLJ 227 https://customarylawproject.yolasite.com/resources/NTLJ%20Vol%202%20No%204_Danial%20Kelly%20Article.pdf. David Moore, "Unfriendly terms in court: Aboriginal languages and interpreting in the Northern Territory."Indigenous Law Bulletin8.12 (2014): 8-10. Hales v Jamilmira, (2003) NTLR 14. Ida Bagus Wyasa Putra and Danial Kelly, The existence of traditional community in the modern state and the global world: The experience of Indonesia in governing its traditional community. (2017) https://online.cdu.edu.au/bbcswebdav/pid-2418047-dt-content-rid-7589332_2/courses/LWA113_SP2_2017/Indonesia%20Bali%20course%20material%202017.pdf James Gurrwanngu Gaykamangu, Ngarra law: Aboriginal customary law from Arnhem Land, (2012) 2 NTLJ 246. https://customarylawproject.yolasite.com/resources/LAWREP-001-NTLJ-JL-0283.pdf Walker v The State of New South Wales, (1994) HCA 64.

The Role of Capacity Management in Hospitality

A number of industries with a global dimension have embarked on serious capacity management approaches. Hospitality and tourism industries have been more concerned with enhancing capacity management with an aim of regulating demand and supply of their services (Pullman Rodgers, 2009).Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on The Role of Capacity Management in Hospitality specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Several socio-economic factors play a major role in shaping the supply and demand for hospitality services. The hospitality industry is a very wide field which includes various service providing industries like hotels, lodging facilities, restaurants, transportation, and other fields in the tourism sector. The constitution of a hospitality unit includes direct service providers, marketers, facility maintenance, and the human resource in general. According to Pullman and Rodgers (2009), capacity management refers to t he ability of a given industry to balance demand from clients as well as the potential of the service providers to offer quality services. With this in mind, the essay seeks to address the question of whether the role of capacity management in hospitality is to match supply with demand or to match demand with supply. It also explores, with relevant examples, the extent to which each case is true. Given the large scope of services offered in the hospitality industry, the need to regulate the usage rate of the various sectors is crucial to the success of the industry. It is therefore the role of capacity management to match supply with demand. Since the hospitality industry deals with people, it is necessary to match the services supplied with the number of clients served. Let us take an example of Western Australian (WA) hotel industry which recently was faced with accommodation capacity problem. The hotels rely heavily on the number of tourists from all over the world who visit the State. The fluctuating economic performance in the developed countries and particularly in Asia has had significant impact on the number of tourists visiting Australia (Pullman Rodgers, 2009). This is despite the fact that WA has been developing ultramodern hotel properties. This caused a considerable oversupply of facilities which implied underutilization of available resources. The fixed cost for hotel properties have remained high in most parts of the world and the greatest challenge faced by managers is to maximize the available facilities at all times. The imbalance between supply and demand in WA caused a short-term decline in occupancy rates and hence low income for the industry.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More During low demand periods, the management should make adjustments to the various costs in order to cover up for the high fixed costs with an aim of avoid ing excess supply. Managers should be sensitive when ensuring maximum resource productivity so as not to compromise customer satisfaction (Pullman Rodgers, 2009). However, with the high certainty of economic stabilization, capacity management had to match supply with the demand that comes with increased number of tourists. The balancing of supply and demand in the hospitality industry is very crucial due to the characteristics of services offered. Most of the services are intangible, real-time, and perishable. Capacity management should therefore be in a position to match demand with supply. In the hotel industry, management has to balance between room capacity and the cost per room which should match demand. The factor to be considered here is the perishability of the service. When a room is not occupied for one night, it directly translates to loss of revenue and cannot be recovered otherwise. The management therefore ought to match the expected volume of business output with the ability of the sector to offer services. The paper has presented two but closely related arguments on the role of capacity management. It is evident that various situations call for different approaches of addressing them. Capacity management therefore demands that there be a balance between demand and supply for the good of both the hospitality industry owners and the customers. Reference Pullman, M. G. Rodgers, S. A. (2009). Understanding capacity management in the  hospitality industry (3rd ed). McGraw-Hill This term paper on The Role of Capacity Management in Hospitality was written and submitted by user Camilo F. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Essential Guide to Freelance Ghostwriting

The Essential Guide to Freelance Ghostwriting Youve probably heard of the ghostwriting process, known people who have actually worked as ghostwriters, and read the work of a ghostwriter without even realizing it. Most aspects of this profession occur behind the scenes. So, what exactly is ghostwriting, and what does this process entail?What exactly is a ghostwriter?A ghostwriter is someone who is hired to write works of journalism or other literature, speeches, social media content, or other text that will be officially credited to someone else. Political leaders, celebrities, executives, and even some news representatives hire ghostwriters to create or rewrite memoirs, blogs, or newspaper and magazine articles. Ghostwriters also work in the music industry, creating musical works or lyrics, and in the movie industry, writing or improving scripts for screenplay authors. Even Mozart is known to have paid a ghostwriter to write music for wealthy patrons.Credit for ghostwritten works is not attributed to the ghostwriter. Usually, th e credited author and the ghostwriter both sign a contract including a confidentiality clause that requires the ghostwriter to be anonymous. The ghostwriter might be acknowledged as a researcher or a research assistant, but most of the time, the ghostwriter does not receive any public credit for his or her work.Timeline and feesGhostwriters complete their work over a period of time that ranges from months to a year, depending on the nature of the project, as they research, write, and edit both fiction and nonfiction works. Ghostwriting fees can be paid according to an agreed-upon rate per word, per page, or per project. A portion of the royalties from sales is also given to the ghostwriter after the work is published. Like any other freelance venture, Ghostwriters must keep detailed and accurate books if they expect to manage their businesses successfully.Roles and responsibilitiesThe degree and range of work a ghostwriter performs can vary. Sometimes a ghostwriter edits or rewrites sections of a rough draft or an unfinished piece of literature. In other cases, such as with an autobiography for a public figure, the ghostwriter performs a significant amount of research before creating the text from scratch. A popular fiction author may hire a ghostwriter to write books in the authors particular writing style in order to produce more books.The processWhen a ghostwriter is hired to write an autobiography, the credited author, his or her colleagues, and family members meet with the ghostwriter to discuss the potential content. The ghostwriter also finds interviews, articles, and video footage about the credited author or his or her work. In the case of nonfiction books or articles, a ghostwriter interviews the credited author and reviews past speeches, interviews, and other published articles about the credited author to accurately reflect his or her perspective and opinion within the text. Most of this work can be done via email, postal mail, phone call, and othe r modes of communication between the two parties.Types of ghostwritingSince the industries in which ghostwriters can work and the types of work they produce can vary widely, its pretty clear that ghostwriting can incorporate significantly different tasks. The following are the four main types of ghostwriting:Marketing letters from a company CEO These letters are sent from a company to business entities as a request to sell their product. If the letter is sent from the CEO, its probably a case of ghostwriting. Other sales correspondence with no apparent sender is usually not ghostwritten.Authors ideas in their own words In this case, authors pay a ghostwriter to flesh out their ideas and then turn them into a book or an article. The prep involves communication between the ghostwriter and the credited author, during which the former takes notes on the latters spoken word or sketched-out written notes and develops them into a book. The author might even send the ghostwriter a draft tha ts been mostly written already, and that just needs to be cleaned up through substantial editing or rewriting.Authors ideas in the ghostwriters words Authors might hire a ghostwriter to take a general outline theyve created, perform the research on the ideas, and then write a draft based on those ideas. In the end, the authors review the ghostwritten work and approve it for their use or make major changes to the draft according to their preferences.Ghostwriters ideas and words In this scenario, the ghostwriter must produce his/her own ideas, create an outline, perform the research, and write the content. The authors involvement here is only to approve the final work. An example of this type of service is a ghostwriter who has been hired to post to a celebritys Twitter account.Pros and Cons of GhostwritingGhostwriting offers some unique benefits and pitfalls. Here are a few benefits of working as a ghostwriter:Simply put, its easy money Freelance writers tend to turn to ghostwriting to ensure a relatively steady income after theyve left corporate life.Ghostwriting about a new field provides writers with an easy education Many people can become pseudo-experts in a certain field when they are mandated to research and write about it.Writing that goes public is always open for scrutiny and (heaven forbid!) criticism When your name isnt involved, it wont get dragged through the mud.But not all is roses and rainbows in the ghostwriting profession:You might get taken advantage of An inexperienced freelance writer can settle for a fee that is way below fair market value.Your clients might forget to refer you to colleagues Your name isnt attached to your work, so it cant help you to get new business. In ghostwriting, if you do good work, your client should ideally refer you to others. But your clients might not take this step, and theres nothing you can do about it, even if your work was awesome.Its a short-term game Theres a big market for ghostwriting. You can make go od money now, but your anonymity will prevent you from building your brand name and expertise in another field or for another business.Create and sign a contractDespite the disadvantages of devoting your life to a career in ghostwriting, there are a few actions you can take to protect your interests. Before you do any ghostwriting, you should come to an agreement with your client about the working conditions of the project and then put them into writing. Its a good idea to hire a lawyer to look over the contract before anyone signs it. The contract should specifically outline and describe the work youll be doing, your fee, when youll be paid (e.g., monthly, upon completion), and the project deadline. The contract should also include elements such as the following:Defined responsibilitiesHow will the labor be divided? Will your client give you an outline? Will he or she perform the research, or will you? When can you expect the necessary materials from the client? How does the client want to receive the completed text to review it- in pieces or in one finished product?Liability terms.An indemnification clause defines who carries the burden should any lawsuits arise. Ghostwriters should be protected by this clause in case the client sends any plagiarized text to work with at the beginning of the project.Author creditDoes your service make you completely invisible and, therefore, uncredited (this is the most common scenario in ghostwriting)? Or will you be acknowledged as a co-author and featured on the cover of the book?Terms for terminationOutline what will happen if the author or ghostwriter wants out before the project is finished.Responsibility for expensesIf you need to purchase access to research materials or travel to communicate with your client in person, how will the bills be split?ConfidentialityMany clients will ask for a nondisclosure agreement. This clause will protect the clients materials and keep you liable if you decide to go rogue in your ghos twriting.Getting the job doneWhen youve established your contract, its time to get down to work. If youre working without an outline from your client, start there. Create your outline and get it approved. Then youre ready to start the research and writing process.CommunicationSome clients will go heavy on face time, while others will prefer to be contacted only when theres already some text to work with. The amount of communication you engage in depends also on the type of project youre doing and the personalities of the people involved. Some people never meet their clients in person, and communicate solely over the Internet. Several tools are available today to ease the process of having to be in two different places at once, such as Track Changes in Microsoft Word. By using this feature, a client can mark up any text he receives from his ghostwriter, enabling him to communicate his thoughts and feedback right next to the exact phrases and words of debate. Then, after transferring the file via email, all the feedback is delivered in one tidy package. This approach is best if your client is generally happy with your work and wants only minor changes. If your client is looking for more substantial edits, then a phone conference is probably best to go over the revisions he wants to have you incorporate.Work togetherFind a working style that both of you are comfortable with. If you are writing to reflect your clients voice and make it sound like she wrote it, youll need to get a feel for her writing style. That means you will need to read and hear that voice.Pay attention to the phrases your client uses often and the structure of her sentences. Does she use certain words more frequently than others? Does she use long, drawn-out sentences, or does she write in shorter, more abrupt phrases? Do her descriptions require a dictionary to understand, or are they relatively simple?Finishing the jobWhen youve finished ghostwriting the chapters of the book or the sections of the article, your client should approve your work. Once hes given the all clear, you will create a final draft of all parts of your work. After youve sent your master file to your client and hes sent your check, thats it- youre done! He then goes on to play the role of the author, as per your agreement, and now youre ready to focus on your next ghostwriting project.

National Alcohol Action Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

National Alcohol Action Plan - Essay Example The rational for this proposal is in a number of legal contentions. First, children are considered as people who are not mature enough to take decisions on their own (ALAC). Knowing that the consumption of alcohol comes with a number of chemical effects that limit the degree at which a person can take decisions decisively, it is purported that in case with children who have to take decisions while they are intoxicated their judgmental abilities could be worsened. What is even worse, because children are generally thought to be people who cannot take tangible decisions, they are mostly not held accountable for their actions including times when they are drunk. For adults, they should face the consequences of breaking other laws and regulations if they do not heed to the advocacy to be prudent in their drinking and get themselves into any form of trouble (Babor et al., 2001). Overview of the Existing Law The existing law has mostly been referred to as extradition of torture. This accol ade might have come about due to the public perception associated with the harshness of the law in trying to control the issue of alcoholism in the land. A little scientific overview on alcoholism or the act of getting intoxicated shows that there could be a number of very negative repercussions on offenders (Centre for Social and Health Outcomes Research and Evaluations, 2006). First and foremost, alcoholism comes with a very perilous health risks including those that affect the heart, lever and lungs (Department of Corrections, 2004). The practice of getting intoxicated also affects the rationality of a person and could be associated with distorted thinking. Such distorted thinking causes people to act abnormally. In the face of legal positivism, which looks at the application of law from social facts, it be said that once a person begins to think irrationally, that person is bound to break other laws; including natural laws such as the peace that people ought to enjoy, physical a ssault, verbal assault and some forms of vandalism. In effect, a law that seeks to stop people from getting intoxicated would not be readily condemned as pessimistic. However, here comes the argument that the present law is not based on the provisions of legal realism as it has its reprimanding attributes from the Bible – a document that is not accepted by the people as the binding constitution from which they should be rules. Strengths of the Existing Law The